The Important Act Of Reading In Life English Language Essay

The Important Act Of Reading In Life English Language Essay Reading is one of the important things in our lives. For sure, we will read every day and it is not important that what types of the material that we read, it just that we read. Watching also can be one of the medium of reading. We watch movies or something also we learn, and how it is happen is we watch something and our mind will interpret what we see and that our mind will unite what we have seen and it will became our knowledge. Why this also can link to the meaning of reading is, reading also need we to unite the letter become words and words will became sentence. This has the same way we watch and we read. That why watching also one of the reading. Some people, to make them more understand on what they are read, they need to watch videos, picture and diagrams or charts. Someone must to read because with reading we can get more knowledge and experience. That why there a proverbs says that reading people is knowledgeable generations. Without reading people will get lack of knowledge. In communication also we need knowledge and we get the knowledge from reading. Without reading, how people can share their knowledge, how people can know what happen in this worlds, how people can talk very well without experience and make knowledge, this all from reading. We all know that the science world start from the reading. Here we can conclude that reading was really important in the field of education. That why in the field of education, there are concept of 3M (Membaca, Menulis, dan Mengira). Here we can see that one of the important concepts learning in the field of education is reading. In Islam also say reading is important. This can be prove by, Nabi Muhammad saw himself get the first revelation from Allah and that was IQRA mean Bacalahà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Here we can know that Allah also called his people to read. There are many type of reading, read aloud, shared reading, guided reading, fluency reading, and independent reading. Read aloud is the way that we read, and this also one way of teaching especially for the blind student and pre-school student. For shared reading is the group of people shared their idea, knowledge and experience from what they have read. Guided reading is someone has to be guided in their study to become more independent. Here mean that, student learn or read something but guided by tutor. Fluency reading is the how fluent someone in his or her reading, if he or she can read faster, that mean he or she already fluent in reading and he or she slow in the reading, he or she must work hard because they still not fluent in reading. Independent reading is someone that already fluent in reading, this kind of people no need guide anymore. However, all of this must practice every day and this was the behavior in reading. It is also can be known as reading habits. Reading habits can be described as someone hobbies, he or she make the reading as his or her hobbies and this must be regularly read. Example, he read newspaper every day. Here we can see that reading is really important. One of the important of the reading is reading can enriches someone knowledge. By reading we will directly exposure to the world. That why with reading we will be exposing and learn new thing. Every day we will get new knowledge. Besides that, reading also can increase the reading skill of someone, this skill really important for student. More reading can improve someone or student in reading skill and fluent in reading. With reading also can improve someone reading, she or he can fluent in reading, and he or she can learn more. According to chickiemomma1961, November, 2010, reading is important because it affects your whole life and everything you do. Want to drive? You have to know how to read the signs, the handbook, the testing materials, etc. Want to buy a home? Youll have to know how to read that contract, unless you want to be ripped off! Every contract you ever sign, from leases, to credit cards, to loans, will need to be read. Reading also can give someone wide in knowledge and experience. Any material that we read would give knowledge and experience because with reading we will get new knowledge and new thing. That why, student who have reading habits will good in study because he have something new to shared, to write in his essay and can confidently communicate with his friends and teachers. The student also have high IQs, creative and have better results id they like to read and make reading as their hobbies. Reading will help them in studies. Besides that, reading also can improve their language, speaking and learning. If student want to improve their language, he or she must read more. With reading someone can make his or her language better and can confidently in talking. All people know the important of the reading in their life especially parents, government and ministry of education. These parties try to increase the reading habits among student and peoples. There are research have been doing to survey the reading habits among Malaysian people. According to Woman battles serious book dependency problem blog, (Monday August 28, 2006), from Sharmag articleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.the depressing state of readership in Malaysia on Sunday, August 13, 2006 saysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a lot about Malaysia when in population of 25 million, the local industry can only print 1,000 to 3,000 copies per general titleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦says Law King Hui, president of the Malaysian Book Publishers Association. From the Daily Express published on Sunday, May 23, 2010, based on the statistics issued by the National Statistics Department during the year 2002, Malaysian students only read two books a year. Many students perceived that reading is a waste of time and they only read for purpose of passing examinations. We are quite aware the myriad of benefits that can be acquired by reading books and the positive progressive result that it can induce for the country. From what have been talks above seem that our government and ministry of education really care about the reading habits among Malaysian people and student in Malaysia. There are many program have been handle like NILAM PROGRAM cooperation between ministries of education and the library in Malaysia. There are also the programs like KEMPEN MARILAH MEMBACA. School also conducts campaigns such as lectures, NILAM program, and provides incentives such as giving a gift to any student who reads a lot. Most important is the encouraged from the parent and people. There are few ways to improve reading among people and students. First ways is people and students always have a material around to read. This means that everywhere they go they must bring materials for they read. Examples, reading newspaper in bus or reading novels while waiting for the train, and so on. There can read anytime and anywhere they can, there no reason says that they have no time for readings. There must time to spend in readings. Even, our Prime Ministry also have time to read why not us as people and students. Besides that, we have to set a reading goal. If we want something, we must have goals or aims. This is one way to give encourage for our self to read. Other ways to improve reading is keep a log, every time we have finish in our reading, we must keep the list of the materials that we have read and also make some summary to remember what the important in the materials that we have read to be remember. Although, we should make a list of the materials that we want to read. Example, the list of the novels that we want to read, the list of the comics, and so on. Here we will remember the materials that we want to read. We also should join the reading group or book club so here we can share our experience and knowledge with our group and try to get new knowledge from them. Here will be the discussion on what we have read. Also, we need to visit libraries or bookstore often because in the place like this we can read whatever materials we want to read. In the place like this, there are so many materials that we can read. Build your own strategy is the most important because without strategy you would lost tour ways. We have to keep the strategy and what we want to do so if we get success, we will feel satisfy in our works. So, we should drop everything and read. Make the reading habits fun in our mind. After we set our mind that reading habits is fun, automatically we want to read. Drop everything here mean that, if we have time to spend we must read dont make the time we have we spend to something that not give benefits to our life. That why reading is one of the important in education. Before we can read fluently in our studies time in pre-school, teacher will teach us on the letter. After we can read letter we would ask by the teacher to combine the letter become words and the words combine with other words to become sentence that have meaning. Here the ways of reading start in our life. Here we can know that reading is important in our life. For more deeply understand about reading, in the article Teaching reading, by Elizabeth S. Pang, Angaluki Muaka, Elizabeth B. Bernbardt, and Micheal L. Kamil, have write that, What is reading? Reading is about understanding written texts. It is a complex activity that involves both perception and thought. Reading consists of two related processes: word recognition and comprehension. Word recognition refers to the process of perceiving how written symbols correspond to ones spoken language. Comprehension is the process making sense of words, sentences and connected text. 1.1 Problem Statement Reading habits was really important for each people especially students. They need read more than other people because with reading can give them experience and wide knowledge, also can improve their language and communication. Without reading, how they will know something to talk about. With reading they will have many ideas to share and more ideas to tell others. So, they must read. The problem here is why the students have to read and make the reading as their reading habits. It is they read because they want to fulfill their career as the student or for their own knowledge. Besides that, the other problem is what type of the materials student like to read as reading habits. Is it they like to read the knowledgeable materials or they want to read the materials that can make their mind relax like newspapers, novels, comics, and magazines. The students also have the limit time in a day because they also have a works that they have to finish. The problems that occur here is the frequ ency of the reading. Is it they have time to read and how frequent they read? Because the students like to fill their encouragement in their studies, there must be reason why they less reading or they have active in reading. So the problem here is what the factors that inhibit their reading habits. 1.2 Rational of the study The rational of this study was to encourage student to read and make the reading is one of their habits. Besides that, this study also wants student know the important of the reading and they must know the reason they read. 1.3 Research Questions This section will tell about the research question that related to this research. The research questions of the study are as follow: 1. What types of reading materials do the students read? 2. How frequent do the students read the materials? 3. How frequent do the students read academic and non-academic materials? 4. The medium they use to read? 5. The amount of the materials they read? 6. The times they spend for reading? 7. What factors influence them to read? 1.4 Significant of the study This study hoped that the student will know the important of the reading habits and they will continue their habits in reading. Besides that, firstly the student and also people should know the meaning of the reading habits. If they do not know the meaning of the reading habits, they will not know the important of the reading habits. The most important is for what they keep the reading habits in their self. The reason they read. This study also to ensure the reading habits always continues in students daily life. The reading habits is really important especially the materials the student choose is that show the new issues happen in this worlds, so the student will get new information and new knowledge every day. Hope also the academic library take the responsibilities and make the program that will attract the student to come and read materials in the library, the libraries also must try to show to the student how important is the reading habit for the student especially their future life. The libraries also must increase the materials is the libraries to promote the reading habits to students. 1.5 Objective of the study Objective is the reality that will happen in this study. It is the object that already thinks by the researchers that related to his or her study and the existing of this study sometimes according to the philosophy. The objective of this study is: To investigate the factors that influence reading habits. To investigate the type of the materials students read. To investigate the student frequency in reading the academic or non-academic materials. 1.6 Definition of term use This section will give the definition of the term or explain several terminologies related to this study. 1.6.1 Reading- According to Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat (2005), readings is give attention to the contents of a written or printed material carefully and understands the meaning of its contents. Through reading habits, individuals can make themselves as a reference either to him or to others. Interest in reading is closely related to cultural knowledge because reading is a feature of cultural development in the community-oriented education and reading.(Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat, 2005). 1.6.2 Habits- From the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, habits is something that you are do regularly or usually, often without thinking about it because you have done it so many times before. 1.6.3 Reading habits- According to the Answers.com (wikianswers), reading habits mean process of reading itself. He is in the habit of reading the daily newspapers mean that he regularly reads the newspaper. If you are in habit of reading, it means that you are read regularly. 1.6.4 Students- For the MacMillan Dictionary, student can be refer to someone who goes to a university, college, or school. But, in the UK, a student is someone who is studying at university or college. A child at school is usually called a pupil. In US, student can refer to anyone who is studying at school or university. 1.6.5 Knowledge- According to Merriam Webster, knowledge is obsolete: cognition. The fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or association (2): acquaintance with or understanding of a science, art, or technique. It is also a body of facts learned by study or experience. From the Your dictionary.com, the definition of knowledge is the act, fact, or state of knowing like acquaintance or familiarity, awareness, and understanding. It is acquaintance with facts; range of information, awareness, or understanding and all that has been perceived or grasped by the mind; learning; enlightenment. 1.6.6 Communication- Definition of communication in You Dictionary.com is communication is the process whereby speech, signs or actions transmit information from one person to another. This definition is concise and definitive but doesnt include all the aspects of communication. There are other definitions, which state that communication involves transmitting information from one party to another. This broader definition doesnt require that the receiving party obtain a full understanding of the message. Of course, communication is better when both parties understand but it can still exist even without that component. 1.6.7 Education- According to Wayne Leon Learmond (May 28, 2010), education can be defined as education covers a broad spectrum. Other may believe that education is simply life, and that we must learn every aspect of life as we grow. There some people who have never received a full-time education in any sort of school at all, but have learned the family ways, ie: gone into trade that maybe has been passed down from one generation to the next. According to Jessica Rangel (November 18, 2010), the definition of education is simple: Learning new and important material that is vital to every day issues and subjects. The most important thing about education that intrigues most people and students is how information they can get from a subject. Education is basically what drives the world today, because those that have the proper education also carry information that can help them get anything that they want in life. This is by far one of the most  important  things about education, and what education stands for.   1.7 Scope of the study The scope of this study is about the reading habits among student of Faculty of Information Management. How important reading habits in order to fulfill the career as a student, need of the student and this will plays a big role to produce the quality works and leading to successful academic person. This research is being conduct among student in Faculty of Information Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, campus Puncak Perdana. The scope of this study are limited to two main areas, which is the contents of the study that is base on the title and the location of the study which is I have chose in Faculty of Information Management Campus Puncak Perdana, UITM, Shah Alam. The respondents for this study comprises of the students in Faculty Information Management and in this faculty there are four courses, IM220 (Library Science Management), IM221 (Information Systems Management), IM222 (Records Management), and IM223 (Resource Centers Management). This faculty located at University Teknologi MARA, Campus Puncak Perdana, Seksyen U10, Shah Alam. 1.8 Limitation of the study Firstly, the respondents of this research are the students in Faculty of Information Management and in the Faculty if Information Mangement, there are 4 courses. IM220 (Library Science Management), IM221 (Information Systems Management), IM222 (Records Management), and IM223 (Resource Centers Management). This faculty located at University Teknologi MARA, Campus Puncak Perdana, Seksyen U10, Shah Alam. I choose this Faculty which are located in UITM Campus Puncak Perdana, Shah Alam because it is my Faculty and I think I want to improve the reading habits among student of Faculty Information Management. Secondly, the reasons why I choose all of this courses in the Faculty of Information Management because I want to know do they know about the reading habits is, what kind of the materials they refer to read and because this course is related to the reading habits. The student of this faculty will be professional in the information management, so the reading habits will increase their knowledge. The study meant only to describe the reading habits of the students in Faculty of Information Management. 1.9 CONCLUSION This study is all about the reading habits among student of Faculty of Information Management, UITM, Campus Puncak Perdana. There are many conclusions that can be draw from this chapter. But the most important fact is the reading habits very important to students. Nowadays, reading habits among student were lack. They read because they want to finish their assignment and reading is just to past their exam. In Chapter One, we discuss about the problem statement of the research, the objective of the research, research question and so on. It is very important why we do a research. Moreover, in this chapter it also describes scope of research, conceptual framework and the operational definition for every term used in the research and the significant and limitation of research.

Sickle cell anemia

Sickle cell anemia Abstract Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized primarily by chronic anemia and periodic episodes of pain. The underlying problem involves hemoglobin, a component of red blood cells. Hemoglobin molecules in each red blood cell carry oxygen from the lungs to body organs and tissues and bring carbon dioxide back to the lungs. In sickle cell anemia, the hemoglobin is defective. After hemoglobin molecules give up their oxygen, some may cluster together and form long, rod-like structures. These structures cause red blood cells to become stiff and assume a sickle shape. Unlike normal red cells, which are usually smooth and donut-shaped, sickle red cells cannot squeeze through small blood vessels. Instead, they stack up and cause blockages that deprive organs and tissues of oxygen-carrying blood. Normal red blood cells live about 120 days in the bloodstream, but sickle red cells die after about 10 to 20 days. Because they cannot be replaced fast enough, the blood is chronically short of red blood cells, a condition called anemia. Sickle cell anemia affects millions throughout the world. It is particularly common among people whose ancestors come from Africa; South America, Cuba, Central America; Saudi Arabia; India; and Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Greece, and Italy. Sickle cell anemia disease The inherited haemoglobinopathies are a group of disorders that include thalassaemia and sickle-cell disease. These diseases are a major public health problem in the Mediterranean area, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, Asia, tropical Africa and the Caribbean. However, because of population flow, they are now widespread and occur in Europe and North and South America. According to the World Health Organization, the approximate estimates of affected individuals indicate that 240 million people are heterozygous for these disorders and at least 200000 lethally affected homozygotes are born annually, approximately equally divided between sickle-cell anaemia and thalassaemia syndromes. This research papers about the definition, causes, types, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis and treatment of sickle cell disease. Also, this paper talks about the general guidelines to keep the sickle cell patient healthy and recommendation that the patient and families should watch for it. 1-Definition Sickle cell anemia (uh-NEE-me-uh) is a serious disease in which the body makes sickle-shaped red blood cells. â€Å"Sickle-shaped† means that the red blood cells are shaped like a C. Normal red blood cells are disc-shaped and look like doughnuts without holes in the center. They move easily through your blood vessels. Red blood cells contain the protein hemoglobin (HEE-muh-glow-bin). This iron-rich protein gives blood its red color and carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Sickle cells contain abnormal hemoglobin that causes the cells to have a sickle shape. Sickle-shaped cells dont move easily through your blood vessels. Theyre stiff and sticky and tend to form groups and get stuck in the blood vessels. (Other cells also may play a role in this grouping process.) The groups of sickled cells block blood flow in the blood vessels that lead to the limbs and organs. Blocked blood vessels can cause pain, serious infections, and organ damage. 2- Causes Sickle cell anemia is an autonomic recessive genetic disorder caused by a defect in the HBB gene, which codes for hemoglobin. The presence of two defective genes (SS) is needed for sickle cell anemia. If each parent carries one sickle hemoglobin gene (S) and one normal gene (A), each child has a 25% chance of inheriting two defective genes and having sickle cell anemia; a 25% chance of inheriting two normal genes and not having the disease; and a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like the parents. Two of the most common variations of the sickle cell gene are: A- Sickle cell trait: A person with the sickle cell trait is carrying the defective gene, but also has some normal hemoglobin. Individuals with sickle cell trait are usually without symptoms of the disease. Mild anemia may occur. Under intense stressful conditions, exhaustion, hypoxia (low oxygen), and/or severe infection, the sickling of the defective hemoglobin may occur and result in some complications associated with the sickle cell disease. B- Sickle cell anemia: A person with sickle cell anemia has most or all of the normal hemoglobin replaced with the sickle hemoglobin. It is the most common and most severe form of the sickle cell variations. These individuals suffer from a variety of complications due to the shape and thickness of the sickle cells. Due to the decreased number of hemoglobin cells circulating in the body, severe and chronic anemia is also a common characteristic. 3- Sign and Symptoms The clinical course of sickle cell anemia does not follow a single pattern; some patients have mild symptoms, and some have very severe symptoms. The basic problem, however, is the same: the sickle-shaped red blood cells tend to get stuck in narrow blood vessels, blocking the flow of blood. These results in the following conditions: A- Hand-foot syndrome: When small blood vessels in hands or feet are blocked, pain and swelling can result, along with fever. This may be the first symptom of sickle cell anemia in infants. Fatigue, paleness, and shortness of breath: These are all symptoms of anemia or a shortage of red blood cells. B- Pain that occurs suddenly in any body organ or joint: A patient may experience pain wherever sickle blood cells block oxygen flow to tissues. The frequency and amount of pain vary. Some patients have painful episodes (also called crises) less than once a year, and some have as many as 15 or more episodes in a year. Sometimes pain lasts only a few hours; sometimes it lasts several weeks. For severe continuous pain, the patient may be hospitalized and treated with painkillers and intravenous fluids. Pain is the principal symptom of sickle cell anemia in both children and adults. C -Eye problems: The retina, the film at the back of the eye that receives and processes visual images, can deteriorate when it does not get enough nourishment from circulating red blood cells. Damage to the retina can be serious enough to cause blindness. D- Yellowing of skin and eyes: These are signs of jaundice, resulting from rapid breakdown of red blood cells. Delayed growth and puberty in children and often a slight build in adults: The slow rate of growth is caused by a shortage of red blood cells 4- Complications A-Infections: In general, both children and adults with sickle cell anemia are more liable to infections and have a harder time fighting them off. This is the result of spleen damage from sickle red cells, hence preventing the spleen from destroying bacteria in the blood. Also the bone marrow gets enlarged because of the increasing need to produce red blood cells. Infants and young children especially are suspectible to bacterial infections that can kill them in as little as 9 hours from onset of fever. Pneumococcal infections used to be the principal cause of death in children with sickle cell anemia until physicians began routinely giving penicillin on a preventive basis to those who are diagnosed at birth or in early infancy B- Stroke: Defective hemoglobin damages the walls of red blood cells, causing them to stick to blood vessel walls. The resulting narrowed or blocked small blood vessels in the brain can lead to serious, life-threatening strokes, primarily in children. C-Acute chest syndrome: Similar to pneumonia, this life-threatening complication is caused by infection or trapped sickle cells in the lung. It is characterized by chest pain, fever, and an abnormal chest X-ray. 5- Diagnosis Early diagnosis of sickle cell anemia is critical so children who have the disease can receive proper treatment. Blood test: More than 40 states now perform a simple, inexpensive blood test for sickle cell disease on all newborn infants. This test is performed at the same time and from the same blood samples as other routine newborn-screening tests. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is the most widely used diagnostic test. If the test shows the presence of sickle hemoglobin, a second blood test is performed to confirm the diagnosis. These tests also tell whether or not the child carries the sickle cell trait. 6- Treatment Although there is no cure for sickle cell anemia, doctors can do a great deal to help patients, and treatment is constantly being improved. Basic treatment of painful crises relies heavily on painkilling drugs and oral and intravenous fluids to reduce pain and prevent complications. A- Blood Transfusions: Transfusions correct anemia by increasing the number of normal red blood cells in circulation. They can also be used to treat spleen enlargement in children before the condition becomes life-threatening. Regular transfusion therapy can help prevent recurring strokes in children at high risk. B-Oral Antibiotics: Giving oral penicillin twice a day beginning at 2 months and continuing until the child is at least 5 years old can prevent pneumococcal infection and early death. Recently, however, several new penicillin-resistant strains of pneumonia bacteria have been reported. Since vaccines for these bacteria are ineffective in young children, studies are being planned to test new vaccines. C-Hydroxyurea The first effective drug treatment for adults with severe sickle cell anemia was reported in early 1995, when a study conducted by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute showed that daily doses of the anticancer drug hydroxyurea reduced the frequency of painful crises and acute chest syndrome. Patients taking the drug needed less blood transfusions. Regular health maintenance is critical for people with sickle cell anemia. Proper nutrition, good hygiene, bed rest, protection against infections, and avoidance of other stresses all are important in maintaining good health and preventing complications. Regular visits to a physician or clinic that provides comprehensive care are necessary to identify early changes in the patients health and ensure immediate treatment. Today, with good health care, many people with sickle cell anemia are in reasonably good health much of the time and living productive lives. In fact, in the past 30 years, the life expectancy of people with sickle cell anemia has increased. What can be done to help prevent these complications? Sickle cell patient should be under the care of a medical team that understands sickle cell disease. All newborn babies detected with sickle cell disease should be placed on daily penicillin to prevent serious infections. All of the childhood immunizations should be given in addition to the pneumococcal vaccine. Parents should know how to check for a high temperature because this signals the need for a quick medical checkup for serious infection. The following are general guidelines to keep the sickle cell patient healthy: Taking the vitamin folic acid (foliate) daily to help make new red cells Daily penicillin until age six to prevent serious infection Drinking plenty of water daily (8-10 glasses for adults) Avoiding too hot or too cold temperatures Avoiding over exertion and stress Getting a sufficient amount of rest Getting regular check-ups from knowledgeable health care providers Patients and families should watch for the following conditions that need an immediate medical evaluation: Fever Chest pain Shortness of Breath Increasing tiredness Abdominal swelling Unusual headache Any sudden weakness or loss of feeling Pain that will not go away with home treatment Pianism (painful erection that will not go down) Sudden vision change. Conclusion To conclude, sickle cell anemia like other chronic life-threatening disease can cause this inherited to patient and family members joining where members share common experiences and problems can reveal this situation because it gets better understanding and management of the disease. There is no cure, therefore nurses should understand the actions that can prevent or relieve symptoms in order to meet the challenges of caring for patients with sickle cell disease and helping them to minimize its effect on their lives. References Brunner and Suddarth , Medical-Surgical Nursing, (2004), 10th edition http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Sca/SCA_Summary.html http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sickle-cell-anemia/DS00324 http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Sca/SCA_WhatIs.html http://www.kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/genetic/sickle_cell_anemia.html http://www.medicinenet.com/sickle_cell/article.htm Desai, D. V.; Hiren Dhanani (2004). Sickle Cell Disease: History And Origin. The Internet Journal of Heamatology 1 (2). http://www.ispub.com/ostia/index.php?xmlFilePath=journals/ijhe/vol1n2/sickle.xml. Pearson H (Aug 1977). Sickle cell anaemia and severe infections due to encapsulated bacteria http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/meningitis.html. http://www.emro.who.int/Publications/EMHJ/0303/03.htm

The Important Discovery of Kenyanthropus Platyops - The Flat Faced Man

The Important Discovery of Kenyanthropus Platyops - The Flat Faced Man of Kenya A recent finding on the western shore of Lake Turkana in northern Kenya, a semi-desert area, could hold bold new implication for the origin of man. The finding was the skull of a very early hominid which displays facial features of both modern man and early, more primitive ancestors. The findings have been dated to approximately 3.5 million years, a time period once thought to be dominated by human ancestors that did not posses any noticeable and unique characteristics held by modern man. The find was discovered by Meave Leakey of the National Museums of Kenya and her colleagues, Fred Spoor, Frank H. Brown, Patrik N. Gathogo, Christopher Kiarie, Louise N. Leakey and Ian McDougall. The find originated from an area in Northern Kenya which has been a hot bed for early hominid fossils, and has earned the nickname the â€Å"Leakey Stable†. The specific area in Northern Kenya is located in the Lomekwi and Topernawi river drainages in the Turkana district. The type locality is LO-6N at 03’ 54.03’ north latitude, 035’ 44.40’ east longitude. The bed where the skull was found contains sedimentary and volcanic rocks in addition to the skulls placement between the Lokochot Tuff, and Tulu Bor Tuff, layers of earth that have an approximate age, allowed the scientist to conclude that the skull was approximately 3.5 million years old. Although the skull was dated 3.5 million years old it held distinctly human facial features, earning it its name Kenyanthropus platyops – The Flat-Faced Man of Kenya. It has a flat face, protruding somewhat like an ape with small teeth. The skulls cranium falls within the range of A. afarensis and A. africa... ...g this modern people can see their past and present in the natural world and come to a better understanding of what it truly means to be human. Bibliography 1. Leakey, M. G., Spoor, F., Brown, F. H., Gathogo, P. N., Kiarie, C., Leakey, L. N. and McDougall, I. New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages Nature 410, 433 - 440 (2001). 2. http://www.nature.com/nsu/010322/010322-8.html Notes: [1] Leakey, M. G., Spoor, F., Brown, F. H., Gathogo, P. N., Kiarie, C., Leakey, L. N. and McDougall, I. New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages Nature 410, 433 - 440 (2001). Pg. 436 [2] Leakey, M. G., Spoor, F., Brown, F. H., Gathogo, P. N., Kiarie, C., Leakey, L. N. and McDougall, I. New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages Nature 410, 433 - 440 (2001). Pg. 433

The Dream Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Dream   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the early twentieth century, film maker and producer Adolph Zukor met Jesse Lasky, owner of Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company. The two men admired each others previous work and, in 1916, decided to combine forces. They created Paramount pictures and had one of the most familiar slogans in the film industry, â€Å"If it’s a Paramount Picture it’s the Best Show in Town†. Proving their slogan true they started turning out more than two pictures per week. During it’s peak in the silent film making era, Paramount was making 5 million dollars a year more than other production companies such as Warner, Fox, and Universal.(Paramount)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paramount Pictures has come a long way since the silent film era. Now owned by Viacom, they have expanded their enterprise from simple movies to state of the art motion pictures, television shows, and other forms of home entertainment such as VHS and DVD. They have been an important driving force in film and television, and have been impacting our entertainment industry for almost 90 years. Paramount engages in many activities, and has influenced telecommunications and films through these. Paramount is comprised of three separate entities, which work together and individually to produce revenue for Paramount and Viacom. Paramount has increased its revenue by profiting from all of its many sources of income, which have helped the company to remain a leader in the film industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paramount’s many activities, including movies, television shows, home entertainment, and theme parks have rocketed Paramount to huge success. Some of Paramount’s box office hits include Titanic, which is the all time box office leader, Mission Impossible, Ghost, Forrest Gump, and many film collections such as The Godfather and Indiana Jones. Paramount also teamed up with other Viacom owned companies such as Nick Movies to produce Rugrats in Paris: the Movie and Snow Day.(Viacom) Paramount did not only focus on movies, it branched out and stirred up the television industry also. Paramount’s Television history is â€Å"Home to award-winning comedies, the most successful franchise in syndication history, and a library of classic shows† (Viacom) and boasts over 55,000 hours of programming. The Paramount Television group has also created hits such as Melrose Place, Beverl... ..., and make into something everyone wants. Paramount has mastered the art of amazement with their skilled writing, acting, and movie making and their ability to continue to stretch the limits of telecommunications and film. Paramount is not just about money, it’s about people. One man had the dream, now everyone can experience it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Huettig, M.D.(1946). Economic Control of the Motion Picture Industry. Philadelphia: University   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  of Pennsylvania Press. Mirabile,L.(Ed.)(1990)Telecommunications and Film in International Directories of Company   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Histories(Vol. II, PP.154-155).Chicago: St. James Press. PBS.(2005).Retrieved February 28, 2005, from Public Broadcasting Station.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Website:www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/Hollywood/business/rev.html Viacom.(2004). Retrieved February 26, 2005, from Viacom Home Page.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Website:www.viacom.com Youngerman,J.(1995). My Seventy Years at Paramount Studios and The Directors Guild Of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  America. Los Angeles, CA: a Directors Guild of America Publications.

Educational Philosophy Essay -- Teaching Education

Educational Philosophy Teachers have the role of shaping students for tomorrow. They help them academically, personally, and socially. I cannot think of any other career that would be as rewarding as teaching. A teacher has the opportunity everyday to change a student’s life. One of the reasons I want to become an educator is because I want to have a positive influence on a student’s life. I think in today’s society it’s crucial for students to feel like they have a positive role model. I have seen what a large impact teachers have made on their student’s lives. That has made me to want to strive and do the same. Another reason for choosing this profession is that I simply love working with children. I do not think that there is any greater moment that when a student catches on to what you are teaching them. This makes the student feel better and it makes you feel like you have succeeded at your job. The final reason I want to become a teacher is th at I feel that I have many great ideas, and I would love to communicate these ideas to my students. My classroom will be a very open and bright environment. I think it is crucial to have light colored walls in the classroom. This way the classroom looks very spacious. I also think it helps when a classroom has windows to allow plenty of sunlight to enter into the room. My walls will be covered with bright posters of inspirational sayings. I will also have bulletin boards to display the students’ work and art projects. I think this will be effective because it shows that the teacher really cares about her students and admires the effort they put into their work. I really want my classroom to be a very comfortable setting, but yet I want it ... ..., and leadership are derived from the many different philosophies. I see my role as an educator as one of great importance. I think my primary goal is to teach the students and help them learn. I also think it is my responsibility, though, to help the students with their own personal problems in anyway that I can. I want to help students with their self-esteem early in life so they can continue to work on it as they get older. I will also strive to help each student work harder. I want to be able to see continuous improvement in my students over the entire year. I want my students to feel like they can come and talk to me regardless of their problem. I want them to know that I will try my best to help them through anything that I can. I will take pride in my role as an educator and in helping students. After all, these students are our future. Educational Philosophy Essay -- Teaching Education Educational Philosophy Teachers have the role of shaping students for tomorrow. They help them academically, personally, and socially. I cannot think of any other career that would be as rewarding as teaching. A teacher has the opportunity everyday to change a student’s life. One of the reasons I want to become an educator is because I want to have a positive influence on a student’s life. I think in today’s society it’s crucial for students to feel like they have a positive role model. I have seen what a large impact teachers have made on their student’s lives. That has made me to want to strive and do the same. Another reason for choosing this profession is that I simply love working with children. I do not think that there is any greater moment that when a student catches on to what you are teaching them. This makes the student feel better and it makes you feel like you have succeeded at your job. The final reason I want to become a teacher is th at I feel that I have many great ideas, and I would love to communicate these ideas to my students. My classroom will be a very open and bright environment. I think it is crucial to have light colored walls in the classroom. This way the classroom looks very spacious. I also think it helps when a classroom has windows to allow plenty of sunlight to enter into the room. My walls will be covered with bright posters of inspirational sayings. I will also have bulletin boards to display the students’ work and art projects. I think this will be effective because it shows that the teacher really cares about her students and admires the effort they put into their work. I really want my classroom to be a very comfortable setting, but yet I want it ... ..., and leadership are derived from the many different philosophies. I see my role as an educator as one of great importance. I think my primary goal is to teach the students and help them learn. I also think it is my responsibility, though, to help the students with their own personal problems in anyway that I can. I want to help students with their self-esteem early in life so they can continue to work on it as they get older. I will also strive to help each student work harder. I want to be able to see continuous improvement in my students over the entire year. I want my students to feel like they can come and talk to me regardless of their problem. I want them to know that I will try my best to help them through anything that I can. I will take pride in my role as an educator and in helping students. After all, these students are our future.

BraÑn Іnjury аnd Memory

Ð  brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury, Ð °lso cÐ °lled heÐ °d Ã'â€"njury or trÐ °umÐ °tÃ'â€"c brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury refers to Ð °n Ã'â€"njury where there Ã'â€"s dÐ °mÐ °ge to the brÐ °Ã'â€"n becÐ °use of Ð °n externÐ °l blow to the heÐ °d. Ð  â€Å"brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury† or â€Å"closed heÐ °d Ã'â€"njury† occurs when there Ã'â€"s Ð ° blow to the heÐ °d Ð °s Ã'â€"n Ð ° motor vehÃ'â€"cle Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent or Ð ° fÐ °ll. It Ã'â€"s the most common type of trÐ °umÐ °tÃ'â€"c brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury. However, other brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njurÃ'â€"es, such Ð °s those cÐ °used by Ã'â€"nsuffÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"ent oxygen, poÃ'â€"sonÃ'â€"ng, or Ã'â€"nfectÃ'â€"on, cÐ °n cÐ °use sÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"lÐ °r defÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"ts Іn Ð °ny cÐ °se, the skull hÃ'â€"ts Ð ° stÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °ry object Ð °nd the brÐ °Ã'â€"n, whÃ'â€"ch Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"nsÃ'â€"de the skull, turns Ð °nd twÃ'â€"sts on Ã'â€"ts Ð °xÃ'â€"s (the brÐ °Ã'â€"n stem), cÐ °usÃ'â€"ng locÐ °lÃ'â€"zed or wÃ'â€"despreÐ ° d dÐ °mÐ °ge.Ð lso, the brÐ °Ã'â€"n, Ð ° soft mÐ °ss surrounded by fluÃ'â€"d thÐ °t Ð °llows Ã'â€"t to â€Å"floÐ °t,† mÐ °y rebound Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst the skull resultÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n further dÐ °mÐ °ge (Anderson and Moore, 1995). TrÐ °umÐ °tÃ'â€"c brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury (TBІ) cÐ °n sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °ntly Ð °ffect mÐ °ny cognÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ve, physÃ'â€"cÐ °l, Ð °nd psychologÃ'â€"cÐ °l skÃ'â€"lls. PhysÃ'â€"cÐ °l defÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"t cÐ °n Ã'â€"nclude Ð °mbulÐ °tÃ'â€"on, bÐ °lÐ °nce, coordÃ'â€"nÐ °tÃ'â€"on, fÃ'â€"ne motor skÃ'â€"lls, strength, Ð °nd endurÐ °nce. CognÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ve defÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"ts of lÐ °nguÐ °ge Ð °nd communÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"on, Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on processÃ'â€"ng, memory, Ð °nd perceptuÐ °l skÃ'â€"lls Ð °re common. PsychologÃ'â€"cÐ °l stÐ °tus Ã'â€"s Ð °lso often Ð °ltered.Ð djustment to dÃ'â€"sÐ °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ty Ã'â€"ssues Ð °re frequently encountered by people wÃ'â€"th TBІ. MÃ'â€"ld TrÐ °umÐ °tÃ'â€"c BrÐ °Ã'â €"n Іnjury (MTBІ) Ã'â€"s chÐ °rÐ °cterÃ'â€"zed by one or more of the followÃ'â€"ng symptoms: Ð ° brÃ'â€"ef loss of conscÃ'â€"ousness, loss of memory Ã'â€"mmedÃ'â€"Ð °tely before or Ð °fter the Ã'â€"njury, Ð °ny Ð °lterÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"n mentÐ °l stÐ °te Ð °t the tÃ'â€"me of the Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent, or focÐ °l neurologÃ'â€"cÐ °l defÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"ts. Іn mÐ °ny MTBІ cÐ °ses, the person seems fÃ'â€"ne on the surfÐ °ce, yet contÃ'â€"nues to endure chronÃ'â€"c functÃ'â€"onÐ °l problems. Some people suffer long-term effects of MTBІ, known Ð °s postconcussÃ'â€"on syndrome (PCS)( Russ, et al. 1993).People sufferÃ'â€"ng from PCS cÐ °n experÃ'â€"ence sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °nt chÐ °nges Ã'â€"n cognÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"on Ð °nd personÐ °lÃ'â€"ty. Most trÐ °umÐ °tÃ'â€"c brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njurÃ'â€"es result Ã'â€"n wÃ'â€"despreÐ °d dÐ °mÐ °ge to the brÐ °Ã'â€"n becÐ °use the brÐ °Ã'â€"n rÃ'â€"cochets Ã'â€"nsÃ'â€"de the skull durÃ'â€"ng the Ã'â€"mpÐ °ct of Ð °n Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent. DÃ'â€"ffuse Ð °xonÐ °l Ã'â€"njury occurs when the nerve cells Ð °re torn from one Ð °nother. LocÐ °lÃ'â€"zed dÐ °mÐ °ge Ð °lso occurs when the brÐ °Ã'â€"n bounces Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst the skull. The brÐ °Ã'â€"n stem, frontÐ °l lobe, Ð °nd temporÐ °l lobes Ð °re pÐ °rtÃ'â€"culÐ °rly vulnerÐ °ble to thÃ'â€"s becÐ °use of theÃ'â€"r locÐ °tÃ'â€"on neÐ °r bony protrusÃ'â€"ons. The brÐ °Ã'â€"n stem Ã'â€"s locÐ °ted Ð °t the bÐ °se of the brÐ °Ã'â€"n.Ð sÃ'â€"de from regulÐ °tÃ'â€"ng bÐ °sÃ'â€"c Ð °rousÐ °l Ð °nd regulÐ °tory functÃ'â€"ons, the brÐ °Ã'â€"n stem Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"nvolved Ã'â€"n Ð °ttentÃ'â€"on Ð °nd short-term memory. TrÐ °umÐ ° in thÃ'â€"s Ð °reÐ ° cÐ °n leÐ °d to dÃ'â€"sorÃ'â€"entÐ °tÃ'â€"on, frustrÐ °tÃ'â€"on, Ð °nd Ð °nger. The lÃ'â€"mbÃ'â€"c system, hÃ'â€"gher up Ã'â€"n the brÐ °Ã'â€"n thÐ °n the brÐ °Ã'â€"n stem, helps regulÐ °te emotÃ'â€"ons. Connected to the lÃ'â€"mbÃ'â€"c system Ð °re the temporÐ °l lobes whà 'â€"ch Ð °re Ã'â€"nvolved Ã'â€"n mÐ °ny cognÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ve skÃ'â€"lls such Ð °s memory Ð °nd lÐ °nguÐ °ge. DÐ °mÐ °ge to the temporÐ °l lobes, or seÃ'â€"zures Ã'â€"n thÃ'â€"s Ð °reÐ °, hÐ °ve been Ð °ssocÃ'â€"Ð °ted wÃ'â€"th Ð ° number of behÐ °vÃ'â€"orÐ °l dÃ'â€"sorders. The frontÐ °l lobe Ã'â€"s Ð °lmost Ð °lwÐ °ys Ã'â€"njured due to Ã'â€"ts lÐ °rge sÃ'â€"ze Ð °nd Ã'â€"ts locÐ °tÃ'â€"on neÐ °r the front of the crÐ °nÃ'â€"um.The frontÐ °l lobe Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"nvolved Ã'â€"n mÐ °ny cognÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ve functÃ'â€"ons Ð °nd Ã'â€"s consÃ'â€"dered our emotÃ'â€"onÐ °l Ð °nd personÐ °lÃ'â€"ty control center. DÐ °mÐ °ge to thÃ'â€"s Ð °reÐ ° cÐ °n result Ã'â€"n decreÐ °sed judgement Ð °nd Ã'â€"ncreÐ °sed Ã'â€"mpulsÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ty. BrÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury hÐ °s Ð ° greÐ °t Ã'â€"nfluence on memory especÃ'â€"Ð °lly to the memory pf those wÃ'â€"th Ã'â€"mpÐ °Ã'â€"red memory. І would lÃ'â€"ke now to tÐ °ke Ð ° closer look to the types of the memory Ã'â€"n order to see how Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s connected wÃ'â€"th brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury. Ð s Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s known Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on goÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"nto the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"s processed Ð °t severÐ °l stÐ °ges. FÃ'â€"rst mÃ'â€"nutes we remember somethÃ'â€"ng refers to Ã'â€"mmedÃ'â€"Ð °te memory.Іt Ã'â€"ncludes brÃ'â€"efly sÐ °ve Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on thÐ °t wÃ'â€"ll be not needed Ã'â€"n Ð ° short perÃ'â€"od Ð °fter Ã'â€"t wÐ °s receÃ'â€"ved. WÃ'â€"th people who hÐ °ve Ð ° heÐ °d Ã'â€"njury, Ã'â€"mmedÃ'â€"Ð °te memory cÐ °n be â€Å"good† or Ã'â€"t cÐ °n be â€Å"bÐ °d. † The problem for most heÐ °d-Ã'â€"njured people, however, Ã'â€"s wÃ'â€"th short-term memory (STM). ThÃ'â€"s kÃ'â€"nd of memory Ã'â€"s defÃ'â€"ned Ð °s Ð ° workÃ'â€"ng memory whÃ'â€"ch process Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on from the sensory regÃ'â€"sters (Charles G. Morris and Albert A. Maisto). Іn cÐ °se one focuses the Ð °ttentÃ'â€"on on Ð ° stÃ'â€"mulus Ã'â€"n the sensory regÃ'â€"ster, à 'â€"t Ã'â€"s Ð °utomÐ °tÃ'â€"cÐ °lly sÐ °ved Ã'â€"n thÃ'â€"s/her STM. STM lÐ °sts untÃ'â€"l the new Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s stored Ð °nd tÐ °kes Ð ° plÐ °ce of the old one.Some of the Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on thÐ °t went through the STM wÃ'â€"ll dÃ'â€"sÐ °ppeÐ °r Ð °nd some wÃ'â€"ll be converted to your log-term memory (LTM). StudÃ'â€"es suggest thÐ °t STM cÐ °n hold Ð °bout Ð °s much Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ð °s cÐ °n be repeÐ °ted or reheÐ °rsed Ã'â€"n 1. 5 to 2 seconds. The next type of memory or sÐ °yÃ'â€"ng, the next stÐ °ge of trÐ °nsformÐ °tÃ'â€"on the Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s the Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on thÐ °t we recÐ °ll Ð °fter Ð ° dÐ °y, Ð ° week or yeÐ °r. Іt refers to Ð ° Long-term memory (LTM). LTM hÐ °s Ð ° quite dÃ'â€"fferent cÐ °pÐ °cÃ'â€"ty thÐ °n STM. ІnformÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s not stored for Ð ° short perÃ'â€"od, but cÐ °n be stored for mÐ °ny yeÐ °rs.We encode our memorÃ'â€"es Ã'â€"n mÐ °ny wÐ °ys, Ã'â€"n cludÃ'â€"ng shÐ °pes, sounds, smells, tÐ °stes, Ð °nd other wÐ °ys. When we Ð °ttempt to remember Ð ° lÃ'â€"st of Ã'â€"tems we Ð °re usuÐ °lly more lÃ'â€"kely to remember the fÃ'â€"rst Ã'â€"tems (prÃ'â€"mÐ °ry effect) Ð °nd the lÐ °st Ã'â€"tems thÐ °n the mÃ'â€"ddle Ã'â€"tems. ThÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"s cÐ °lled the serÃ'â€"Ð °l posÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"on effect. For most heÐ °d-Ã'â€"njured people, theÃ'â€"r long-term memory tends to be good. Ð fter one get Ð ° heÐ °d Ã'â€"njury, short-term memory Ã'â€"sn't workÃ'â€"ng, so Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on hÐ °s Ð ° hÐ °rd tÃ'â€"me gettÃ'â€"ng to long-term memory. For exÐ °mple, heÐ °d-Ã'â€"njured people mÐ °y double or trÃ'â€"ple theÃ'â€"r usuÐ °l study tÃ'â€"me Ã'â€"n prepÐ °rÃ'â€"ng for Ð ° test the next dÐ °y.By the tÃ'â€"me they get to the exÐ °m, they Ð °re completely blÐ °nk on the mÐ °terÃ'â€"Ð °l. The lÃ'â€"ttle events of the dÐ °y Ð °re sometÃ'â€"mes forgotten, mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng lÃ'â€"fe â€Å"fly by† when the one l ooks bÐ °ck Ð °t events thÐ °t hÐ °ve hÐ °ppened sÃ'â€"nce the Ã'â€"njury. When speÐ °kÃ'â€"ng of brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury Ð °nd memory Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"mportÐ °nt to mentÃ'â€"on two common thÃ'â€"ngs thÐ °t hÐ °ppen wÃ'â€"th people wÃ'â€"th heÐ °d Ã'â€"njurÃ'â€"es: retrogrÐ °de Ð °nd Ð °nterÃ'â€"or grÐ °de Ð °mnesÃ'â€"Ð °. Ð mnesÃ'â€"Ð ° meÐ °ns you lost Ð ° memory thÐ °t you once hÐ °d. Іt's Ð °s Ã'â€"f someone hÐ °s erÐ °sed pÐ °rt of your pÐ °st. RetrogrÐ °de Ð °mnesÃ'â€"Ð ° meÐ °ns you hÐ °ve lost memorÃ'â€"es for events PRІOR to the Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent.For some people, retrogrÐ °de Ð °mnesÃ'â€"Ð ° cÐ °n cover just Ð ° mÃ'â€"nute or even Ð ° few seconds. Іn other words, they'll recÐ °ll the cÐ °r comÃ'â€"ng rÃ'â€"ght Ð °t them but Ð °re unÐ °ble to recÐ °ll the moment of Ã'â€"mpÐ °ct. For other people, retrogrÐ °de Ð °mnesÃ'â€"Ð ° mÐ °y Ð °ffect longer perÃ'â€"ods of tÃ'â€"me. The lÐ °st three or four hours prÃ'â€"or to the Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent Ð °re gone. І hÐ °d one Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °l who hÐ °d lost the lÐ °st yeÐ °r of hÃ'â€"s lÃ'â€"fe. Ð s people get better from theÃ'â€"r heÐ °d Ã'â€"njurÃ'â€"es, long-term memorÃ'â€"es tend to return. However, memorÃ'â€"es tend to return lÃ'â€"ke pÃ'â€"eces of Ð ° jÃ'â€"gsÐ °w puzzle; these bÃ'â€"ts Ð °nd pÃ'â€"eces return Ã'â€"n rÐ °ndom order.Іn generÐ °l, the smÐ °ller the degree of retrogrÐ °de Ð °mnesÃ'â€"Ð °, the less sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °nt the heÐ °d Ã'â€"njury Ã'â€"s (Spreen et al. , 1995). Ð nother form of memory loss Ã'â€"s cÐ °lled Ð °nterÃ'â€"or grÐ °de Ð °mnesÃ'â€"Ð °. Іn thÃ'â€"s cÐ °se, events FOLLOWІNG the Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent hÐ °ve been erÐ °sed. Ð  good pÐ °rt of thÐ °t Ã'â€"s due to the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury Ã'â€"tself. Complex systems Ã'â€"n the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ð °re Ã'â€"njured. The chemÃ'â€"cÐ °l bÐ °lÐ °nce Ã'â€"n the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"s upset. Ð s brÐ °Ã'â€"n chemÃ'â€"stry normà  °lÃ'â€"zes Ð °nd brÐ °Ã'â€"n systems begÃ'â€"n workÃ'â€"ng, memory Ð °lso stÐ °rts to work. І've hÐ °d pÐ °tÃ'â€"ents who hÐ °ve spent severÐ °l months Ã'â€"n the hospÃ'â€"tÐ °l but Ð °re only Ð °ble to recÐ °ll the lÐ °st to two to three weeks of theÃ'â€"r stÐ °y.There Ð °re reÐ °sons why the STM does not work Ã'â€"n those who hÐ °ve brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury. The reÐ °son lÃ'â€"es Ã'â€"n the wÐ °y the brÐ °Ã'â€"n works. Ð s we know the Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on flows Ã'â€"n through the mÃ'â€"ddle of our brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ð °nd brÐ °nches out lÃ'â€"ke Ð ° tree. Before thÐ °t Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on goes to dÃ'â€"fferent Ð °reÐ °s, Ã'â€"t goes through Ð ° chÐ °nnelÃ'â€"ng/fÃ'â€"lterÃ'â€"ng system. Іt's Ð °lmost lÃ'â€"ke Ð ° mÐ °Ã'â€"l room–thÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on goes Ã'â€"nto thÃ'â€"s box, Ð °nd thÐ °t letter goes Ã'â€"nto thÐ °t box. When the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"njured, these mÃ'â€"ddle Ð °reÐ °s get pressed upon becÐ °use of swellÃ'â€"ng (pressure pushes down on the brÐ °Ã'â€"n). The mÃ'â€"ddle sectÃ'â€"ons of the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ð °re Ð °lso restÃ'â€"ng on the bone of the skull.BecÐ °use of forwÐ °rd Ð °nd bÐ °ckwÐ °rd movement of the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"n Ð °n Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent, they get sheered or torn. Ð  problem develops when there Ã'â€"s Ð ° lÐ °rge flow of Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on comÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n whÃ'â€"ch the brÐ °Ã'â€"n cÐ °n't process, or when Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s not beÃ'â€"ng sent to the rÃ'â€"ght plÐ °ce. So the mÐ °Ã'â€"l room of the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"s not doÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"ts job. There Ã'â€"s Ð °lso Ð ° second type of memory problem. Once Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s stored Ã'â€"n the brÐ °Ã'â€"n, the brÐ °Ã'â€"n hÐ °s Ð ° hÐ °rd tÃ'â€"me fÃ'â€"ndÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"t. For exÐ °mple, you sÐ °w Ð ° movÃ'â€"e but you cÐ °n't recÐ °ll the nÐ °me of the Ð °ctor Ã'â€"n the movÃ'â€"e. You cÐ °n vÃ'â€"suÐ °lÃ'â€"ze who the Ð °ctor Ã'â€"s, but cÐ °n't come up wÃ'â €"th hÃ'â€"s nÐ °me.People typÃ'â€"cÐ °lly descrÃ'â€"be Ð ° â€Å"tÃ'â€"p of the tongue† type of thÃ'â€"ng–â€Å"І know whÐ °t І wÐ °nt to sÐ °y but І just cÐ °n't get Ã'â€"t out†. Іt’s Ð °lmost Ð °s Ã'â€"f the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"s sÐ °yÃ'â€"ng, â€Å"seÐ °rchÃ'â€"ng, seÐ °rchÃ'â€"ng† Ð °nd not fÃ'â€"ndÃ'â€"ng. SeverÐ °l mÃ'â€"nutes lÐ °ter, Ã'â€"t just comes to you. So there Ð °re bÐ °sÃ'â€"cÐ °lly two kÃ'â€"nds of memory problems: storÐ °ge problems Ð °nd retrÃ'â€"evÐ °l problems. Іn conclusÃ'â€"on І would lÃ'â€"ke to sÐ °y thÐ °t Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s very Ã'â€"mportÐ °nt to Ã'â€"mprove the memory Ð °nd mÐ °ke regulÐ °r exercÃ'â€"se whÃ'â€"ch wÃ'â€"ll contrÃ'â€"bute to thÃ'â€"s process. The known fÐ °ct Ã'â€"s thÐ °t people use theÃ'â€"r memory not to the fullest extent Ð °nd not even to the hÐ °lf of theÃ'â€"r rememberÃ'â€"ng Ð °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"es.Bibliography: 1. Ashley MJ. Traumatic brain injur y rehabilitation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1995. 2. Anderson, V. & Moore, C. â€Å"Age at Injury as a Predicator of Outcome Following Pediatric Head Injury: A Longitudinal Perspective,† Child Neuropsychology, 1995, 1, 187-202. 3. Charles G. Morris and Albert A. Maisto. â€Å"Understanding Psychology†. 4. Russ, R. M. , et al. â€Å"Predictors of Outcome Following Severe Head Trauma: Follow-Up Data From the Traumatic Coma Data Bank,† Brain Injury, 1993, 7, 101-111. 5. Spreen, O. ; Risser, A. & Edgell, D. Developmental Neuropsychology, Oxford University Press, 1995.

Be Able to Contribute to Planning Learning Activities Essay

Hello Harry I met you at the Hyatt Hotel in Birmingham and I spoke to your assistant manager about my trip to Malawi. I Hope you are ok! Below is a picture of me and you at villa part in 2010! WOW! I had the most amazing opportunity to volunteer in Ghana for 6 weeks in July, its quiet unbelievable to be given another opportunity to help make people happy again!! BUT!! Every volunteer MUST raise  £800. ALL Money raised goes to projects whilst we are out there etc. I shall be working with Orphans and also teaching mothers how to educate their child. I’m finding it extremely difficult to raise my fundraising target and I have  £635 to go until lively minds (company im going with) are happy with my fundraising, Its totally stressing me out as I have to pay for my own flights too!! Which is an additional  £700 and coming from a single parent family on a council estate is hard, I just want to make myself proud and have a good life This is the only thing that makes me happy, Li fes pretty dull to be honest . But when I’m making others happy and putting smiles on the faces of children who truly have nothing to live for, but keep going and keep fighting their everyday life makes me happy about myself. When I spoke to you before the game you said you woul help me reach my fundraising target. I truly hope that is still possible so i can then the company can lay off my back and I concentrate on raising my flight costs. It would mean the world if you could help me on this quest. To be able to relax and know i am going to Ghana and not telling people â€Å"Maybe depending on if i achieve my fundraising target† would be HARRYmazing!