Introduction To Curriculum Development Education Essay

To get down with, all the trainees, of the Boys Department, had a meeting with the curate, who told us a spot about the college and its staff members. He, so, pointed out some regulations that the instructors must stay to, for illustration, the male instructors should have on a tie and the female 1s should avoid dressing in denims or pants. Afterwards, he leads us towards the staff room and we introduce ourselves to the instruction staffs. We, the mathematics trainees, were told to loosen up for the first twenty-four hours and so, we stay in the staff room till the school ends. The 2nd twenty-four hours, I followed Mr Gaudy ‘s lower six category and two of Mr Navin ‘s category. On the 3rd twenty-four hours, I was transferred to another section. There, I followed Mr Inder ‘s category and most of the clip I really did his category. He had categories with the Form III and Form IV pupils. With the Form IV pupils, he was explicating a subject on absolute mistake and the Form III pupils were analyzing matrices. However, as Mr Inder had merely a few categories, it meant that I was free most of the clip and so, I proposed to Mr Saidoo to let me to follow his categories. Mr Saidoo was a prevocational instructor. It should be noted that most of the pupils of this section were prevocational 1s. I participated in an inter-department Quiz competition where I was given the function of the time-keeper. Before the Quiz competition, Mr Inder told me to do a speedy alteration with the two participants and the latter really won the competition by crushing the Form IV boys from Department A. I besides attended two chitchats, one on smoke and the other was about the jobs confronting the young person. My Experience as a Replacee Teacher After my graduation from university in July 2008, I had the chance to work as a replacee instructor at Hamilton College ( Boys ) till the terminal of the school twelvemonth in October 2008. There, I had the chance to work with the pupils of Form III up to Form VI. The topics that I taught were English and Mathematics. Overall, it was a really fruitful experience as I had the juncture to work with the HSc pupils, both male childs and misss. Furthermore, I learnt that learning is non a simple occupation as a batch of readying is needed so as to do the instruction and acquisition experiences a success. One other experience I gained was about how to carry on scrutiny and all the troubles it entails sing be aftering the scrutinies every bit good as the invigilation agenda. My Experience as a Full-Time Teacher In January 2009, I joined Dar-Ul-Ma'arif Secondary School where I taught Mathematics and Additional Mathematics with the Form 4 and Form 5 pupils, male childs and misss individually. The school population was about 110 pupils and there were non many instructors working at that place. So, any instructor had a heavy timetable and had many duties. For case, I was responsible to fix the strategy of work for Mathematicss and Additional Mathematics for the Form 4 and Form 5 despite being a novitiate in the profession. Furthermore, during my say at Dar-Ul-Ma'arif, I did a six month class at Mauritius Institute of Education for the Educator ‘s Licence which helped me a batch to understand the pupils. In February 2010, I joined the Doha Academy Secondary School. Chapter Two – The Bachelor in Education ( B.Ed ) Course Besides entry of a thesis and the portfolio at the terminal of the academic twelvemonth, the B.Ed class comprised of the undermentioned faculties: Sociology of Education Doctrine of Education Education Psychology Introduction to Curriculum Development Appraisal and Evaluation Education Management and Supervision Instructional Technology Tendency in Pedagogy Educational Research Capable Didactics ( Mathematics ) Functional English In the following parts of this chapter, issues raised in five of the faculties will be discussed and reflected upon. 2.1 Doctrine of Education This faculty enabled me to hold a deeper penetration about what instruction is. Dr Rassool, the lector, made us reflect upon our ain doctrine of instruction and without a uncertainty, it helped us to better understand ourselves as instructors. A learning doctrine statement is â€Å" a systematic and critical principle that focuses on the of import constituents specifying effectual instruction and acquisition in a peculiar subject and/or institutional context † ( Schonwetter et al. , 2002, p.84 ) . 2.1.1 My Teaching Philosophy â€Å" Teaching should be such that what is offered is perceived as a valuable gift instead than a difficult responsibility † – Albert Einstein Bing a mathematics instructor every bit good as a lover of the topic, there are some characteristics of mathematics that makes it a really particular subject. To call a few: Mathematicss is an first-class rational game where all the participants win. Mathematicss is besides a theoretical account that can be used for developing independent and critical thought. Mathematicss can be seen as a linguistic communication that allows us to pass on thoughts exactly between ourselves. Last, mathematics is a tool used in natural scientific disciplines and, therefore, a needed subject for many pupils. The above statements entirely actuate me to portion my mathematical cognition, among others, to my pupils. However, my ends for learning mathematics are many. First, communicate to my pupils that mathematics is a merriment and better their assurance approximately mathematics every bit good as cut downing their anxiousness about mathematics. Other ends are: Develop a mathematical sense about measures, geometry, and symbols every bit good as a assortment of problem-solving schemes and basic computational accomplishments Enable pupils to do judgements based on quantitative information, to turn out basic consequences, to read mathematics efficaciously and to understand their ain idea procedures Ensure that pupils truly understand constructs Establish constructive pupil attitudes about mathematics Facilitate acquisition of life-long acquisition accomplishments Foster a desire to inquire mathematics inquiries, critical thought, pupil find of mathematics and surrogate apprehension of the cogent evidence of cardinal theorems Teach the beauty of mathematics Aid pupils learn the cardinal theorems and their applications Improve pupils ‘ apprehension of engineering Increase the figure of mathematics big leagues every bit good as the pupils ‘ mathematical cognition Model expert problem-solving Motivate pupils to do an attempt to larn mathematics Open the doors to other chances for pupils Prepare future mathematicians, pupils for proficient callings and pupils to be knowing grownups Thatch applications to other Fieldss ; particularly for abstract topics like vectors whereby pupils frequently ask the inquiry: â€Å" where will vectors used us in our life? † Teach reckoner and computing machine accomplishments, cardinal constructs, generalizing, logical logical thinking, mathematical authorship, foretelling, problem-solving and proof-reading of mathematics Thatch pupils how to interpret back and Forth between words and mathematics Thatch pupils to work collaboratively My mathematics schoolroom features multiple methods of direction that depends chiefly on the subject to be taught and my experience with how single pupil best learn mathematics. On some occasions, the student-centred attack is undertaken while on other occasions, small-group probes, among others, are carried out. These assorted schoolroom patterns help turn to the varied acquisition manners found in the mathematics schoolroom. Furthermore, I prepare my categories meticulously, but I like to improvize whenever possible. I dislike being interrupted during my account but I love it when the pupils ask inquiries afterwards ; and I congratulate them for any good inquiries and remarks. Prophet Muhammad ( Peace and Blessing of God Almighty be upon him ) one time said: â€Å" Facilitate things to people and do non do it difficult for them † ( Sahih Al-Bukhari ) . Since I learnt about this expression, I try effortlessly to use it in my day-to-day life and particularly in my instruction. 2.1.2 Criticism The positive facet of this faculty is that it makes one reflect a batch on issues related to instruction. However, compared to other faculties, this one is more bulky and we have excessively small clip to cover everything. Furthermore, this faculty was presented by Dr Rassool who had three faculties with us and many a clip, we could non calculate out what faculty that we are really making. In my sentiment, this faculty can non be assessed through scrutiny as it is excessively abstract a topic. 2.1.3 Self-Reflection The first of import facet of the class was to assist us understand better what instruction is. Previously, I thought that instruction was merely transportation of cognition from the instructor to the pupils. But, at the terminal, of the class, I realised that instruction is much more than a transportation of cognition. Among the assorted definitions of instruction that I came across throughout the class, there is one put frontward by Dr Sohawon that I truly appreciated and upon which there is a batch to reflect. Harmonizing to Dr Sohawon, instruction is â€Å" the deliberate and systematic influence exerted by the mature individual upon the immature, through direction, subject, and harmonious development of physical, rational, aesthetic, societal and religious powers of the human being, harmonizing to single and societal demands and directed towards the brotherhood of the educated with his Godhead as the concluding terminal. † 2.2 Instructional Technology Upon farther reading sing articles related to this faculty, I came across a term that caught my attending. The term was coined by Professor Prensky ( 2001, p.1 ) who stated that, today, school pupils are â€Å" digital indigens † and they â€Å" are all ‘native talkers ‘ of the digital linguistic communication of computing machines, video games and the Internet † . The different talks provided with farther penetrations about the usage of information and communications engineering ( ICT ) in the field of instruction. 2.2.1 Application of ICT in Education Ertmer et Al. ( 1999 ) identified three degrees of instructors ‘ computing machine usage, changing in their relationship to the bing course of study. These involve utilizing ICT as: a addendum to the course of study, a support or enrichment of the course of study, or a facilitator for an emerging course of study. The emerging ICT tools that may be utile in the instruction and acquisition of Mathematicss can be subdivided into two chief classs: Mathematicss package For the lower secondary pupils, the freeware Graph can be used for the subject Coordinates Geometry to pull simple additive graphs in the signifier. Thereof, pupils shall be able to place the different points on the line. This really light but utile package can besides be used with the Form IV pupils to pull quadratic curves every bit good as other maps like cubic, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential. For 3-D representations of objects, the freeware Microsoft Mathematics 4.0 can be used. It has many characteristics from different of import Mathematicss subjects runing from statistics to trigonometry to calculus among others. This freeware may besides be used to explicate â€Å" absolutely † the subject on pulling simple additive inequalities and hence to happen the needed part fulfilling two or more inequalities. The Yenka freeware is another great mathematical package that incorporates different facets of mathematics and particularly the subjects in Statistics. Explaining the construct of chance becomes much more easy with it as lifes are besides provided. For case, when explicating about the different results possible when fliping two coins, Yenka provides a 3-D life whereby two coins are tossed. At the same clip, a tree diagram is constructed. Social Media The different societal media that I find dependable to integrate in instruction and acquisition are: Web log A web log can be created by the instructor whereby notes on specific subjects may be posted every bit good as related pictures can be embedded. Blogs besides offers the ability to post exposures. Useful links can besides be shared. Another benefit is that it offered the participants, that is, the pupils the possibility to post remarks and so, pupils can give their feedbacks and portion their positions. Wikis Like web logs, wikis can be created to post of import information about Mathematical subjects. But unlike web logs, participants can besides redact the station by adding other utile information. However, the danger is that can cancel any information or station information non related to the subject. Social Networking Sites ( SNS ) such as Facebook The different characteristics offered by Facebook make it a really utile tool in the instruction and acquisition of Mathematics. Some of these utile characteristics areFor instructorsBookTag: This app offers a great manner to portion and loan books out to pupils, plus make helpful quizzes for analyzing. Webinaria Screencast Recorder: Record a picture for pupils, and portion it with this application. Mathematical Formulas: Distribute expressions, solutions, and more with this application. SlideShare: Create presentations to direct to pupils with this slideshow application.For pupilsBooks iRead: Share the books you ‘re reading, and see what others think of books with this application. Notely: Form your school life with Notely, an app that helps you wrangle your calendar, notes, assignments, and more. Survey Groups: Get everyone together on your group undertaking by join forcesing with this application. HeyMath! : These mini-movies explain hard math constructs, so these are great to portion with pupils or utilize on your ain. ( Monaghan, 2008 ) A ‘fan page ‘ can besides be created to advance Mathematics. Each ‘Like ‘ will increase its popularity. Chirrup Refering its educational usage, it may enable the instructor to ‘tweet ‘ utile links and reminders to his pupils, for case, about an appraisal to be done in the coming hebdomad or to make a research on a peculiar subject. Furthermore, it has the characteristic of sentiment canvass. This may benefits the professional growing of the instructor. Vodcast The usage of Vodcast might benefits pupil that were absent for a peculiar lesson or have non to the full grasped the different constructs in a lesson. It may besides be an advantage when making alteration. The instructor can utilize the picture to measure his ain instructions. 2.2.2 Criticism This faculty was every bit interesting as all other faculties but I believe that this faculty needs to be accompanied with practical exercisings and lesser literature. These practical exercisings could be assessed and evaluated. 2.2.3 Self-Reflection The ‘Instructional Technology ‘ faculty provided us with introducing thoughts to heighten the instruction and larning experiences every bit good as to actuate pupils and instructors. While researching on the subject, I came to gain how powerful a tool engineering can be and besides how the worldwide web can be a manner of making out to different sorts of pupils. For case, Facebook has got many applications that would do Mathematicss much more easy and gratifying. I unfeignedly believe that engineering can be an integrating portion of the instruction and learning experience but before its integrating, there needs to be a alteration in the course of study, particularly for the usage of engineering in test. What is the point of utilizing a batch of engineering in learning and larning but in tests, merely really few pieces of engineering are allowed? At the same clip, I fear the abuse of engineering and its impact on society. 2.3 Introduction to Curriculum This faculty helped many of us pupils to understand the construct of course of study and at the same clip, to clearly distinguish the course of study from the course of study. Tyler ( 1949 ) defines the course of study as ‘all the acquisition of the topics which is planned by and directed by the school to achieve its educational ends ‘ . The different types of course of study were besides discussed. 2.3.1 Types of Curriculum Curriculum is subdivided chiefly as Official course of study Harmonizing to Posner ( 1992, p.10 ) , the official course of study, besides known as the written course of study â€Å" gives the basic lesson program to be followed, including aims, sequence, and stuffs. This provides the footing for answerability. † It can be said that the official course of study consists of the course of study and content of different topics, the legal model, the scrutinies, the school and its substructure, the disposal amongst others. Taught course of study The taught course of study, besides known as the operational course of study is â€Å" what is taught by the instructor, and how it is communicated. This includes what the instructor Teachs in category and the acquisition results for the pupil † ( Posner, 1992, p.10-12 ) . Therefore, the taught portion of course of study involves all the instruction and acquisition experiences that take topographic point in the schoolroom when pedagogues interact with pupils and vice-versa. Personally, I normally adopt different learning schemes with my pupil. The learner-centred instruction attack and the squad instruction attack are favoured for the upper categories while the important manner is favoured with the lower categories as it is a democratic attack in which the rights of both the instructor and the kid are recognized and respected compared to the autocratic manner ( Shaffer & A ; Kipp, 2007 ) . Formative appraisals are performed during the lessons so as to obtain feedbacks to both the scholar and myself and thereof, learning schemes are altered consequently. Hidden course of study Harmonizing to Horn ( 2003, p.298 ) , concealed course of study is defined as â€Å" the unrecognised and sometimes unintended cognition, values, beliefs that are portion of the acquisition procedure in schools and schoolrooms † . It can be deduced that the concealed course of study refers to those things which pupils learn indirectly at school. For illustration during a lesson, different teaching-learning schemes are used for active engagement. This indirectly inculcated values and accomplishments in them such as: Keeping subject Obedience To be democratic, that is, freedom of sentiment to give replies without any fright of being incorrect Tolerance and forbearance towards others ‘ sentiments to go good hearers To be critical, they are asked to notice on their friends replies in instance they do n't hold Social interactions through group treatments and whole category treatments Communication accomplishments are developed Null course of study Harmonizing to Posner ( 1992, p.10-12 ) , the nothing course of study â€Å" consists of what is non taught † . Eisner ‘s ( 1995 ) place on the â€Å" void course of study † is that when certain topics or subjects are left out of the overt course of study, school forces are directing messages to pupils that certain content and procedures are non of import plenty to analyze. When the Mathematics course of studies of Cambridge for the O-level and A-level every bit good as that of the National Assessment at Form III, prepared by the Mauritius Institute of Education, are exhaustively analysed, it is observed that two really of import constituents of Mathematicss have non been included, viz. History of Mathematicss. The mathematician Glaisher one time said that â€Å" no topic loses more than mathematics by any effort to disassociate it from its history. † Hayes ( 1991 ) stated: â€Å" I believe that it is a sedate error and mistake of scheme to try to learn mathematics without mention to its cultural, societal, philosophical and historical background † . † Application of Mathematicss in existent life state of affairss for complex subjects. From past experience, when learning complicated subjects, like â€Å" Vector of Plane † , pupils frequently asked the inquiry: â€Å" Why should we analyze this subject? † as for them, they do non understand the importance of such a subject as the jobs they are faced with are sometimes excessively abstract. But, when they are made cognizant of its importance in existent life, they are more eager to make the subject. 2.3.2 Criticism Understanding the construct of course of study and all that it entails was a really of import measure in the calling of an pedagogue. However, cognizing all this and accordingly, placing the assorted defects of a course of study can be seen as a loss of clip as we, as pedagogues, can non make anything to alter a course of study, particularly for S.C and H.S.C, that is prepared by an elect group in England. 2.3.3 Self-Reflection Besides holding had a deeper penetration of instruction, the construct of course of study became much clearer. I realised that when following a peculiar course of study, it is non merely finishing the different subjects involved in the course of study. In fact, the course of study is merely one portion of the course of study and there is more to a course of study. We have the purposes and aims that besides need to be achieved. In fact, these course of studies that we usually follow are the official course of study. However, there is one other type of course of study that is every bit or more of import than the official course of study. It is the concealed course of study. It is through the concealed course of study that moral values and moralss are passed on. Therefore, this helped me to be even more cautious in category as acting severely or weirdly would ensue in the pupils acting as such. Sometimes, when I observe a pupil acting severely, I say to myself that possibly the pupil is acting like this because of his instructor who was rude. Besides, upon farther contemplation, on a larger graduated table, I came to gain that possibly the manner ordinary people behave may be the consequence of how those who are regulating them behave. 2.4 Education, Management and Supervision Among the many of import constructs learnt in this faculty, there is one that I think is indispensable for every instructor to possess – managerial accomplishments in the schoolroom. 2.4.1 Managerial Skills Required by Teachers in the Classroom Mintzberg ( 1973 ) identified the undermentioned managerial accomplishments: Leadership Skill This accomplishment is concerned with the ability of the instructor to actuate and assist his pupils and at the same clip, to cover with their jobs efficaciously. For those pupils who are per se motivated, the instructor merely acts as an instigator and a facilitator. However, for those pupils who are non motivated, the instructor ‘s leading function is critical of import to actuate them. As a Mathematics instructor, the undermentioned schemes can be adopted to actuate the pupils: The instructor himself/herself must be seen as being motivated Find suited ways to do pupils love the topic State the purposes and aims of the capable affair Let the pupils know that the instructor is ever available whenever person is holding troubles in his surveies. Set-up the schoolroom regulations and ordinances in coaction with the pupils. Use different instruction manners in order to fit the diverse larning manners of the pupils. Peer Skill Peer accomplishment would mention to the ability of the instructor to move, at one clip, as a director of the schoolroom and at another clip, as a friend to his pupils. This friendly relationship should be to some bound and the pupils should be made cognizant of it. Otherwise, being excessively friendly would do pandemonium and undiscipline in the category and later, the larning environment of the category would be to a great extent and severely affected. Conflict Resolution Skill Life in a schoolroom is non ever sweet. On and off, things get rancid between the pupils or even between the pupil and the instructor for diverse grounds. Classroom struggles, may it be a minor or a major one, must be dealt with every bit shortly as they arise so as to forestall the state of affairs from acquiring out of control. Otherwise, they would botch the instruction and larning environment of the schoolroom. Information Processing Skill This accomplishment is about the instructor ‘s ability to pull out, collect and portion information relevant to the capable affair or subject. In the traditional position of instruction and acquisition, the instructor was the exclusive beginning of cognition and hence, the category was dominantly teacher-oriented. However, despite the fact that this attack to learning and acquisition is regarded as being disused, some topics, like mathematics, are most of the clip teacher-centred. But, a good mathematics instructor would happen ways to do his category an gratifying and fruitful experience. A good mathematics instructor should be able to utilize a assortment of learning manners in order to do the topic appear interesting and easy, and at the same clip, cater for the different acquisition manners of his/her pupils. Resource Allocation Skill This skill trades with the instructor ‘s ability to pull off his clip decently and to make out to each pupil ‘s encountered troubles. The best manner to accomplish these is through proper lesson planning. From past experience, the followers should be taken into consideration when fixing a lesson program: Carry out one lesson at a clip The purpose and aims of the lesson should be good set and the pupils should be made cognizant of it Since about all subjects in mathematics is based on some pre-requisites, ever recall those old cognition in order to acquire the pupils in the temper Based on the trouble of the subject, take a considerable sum of clip to to the full explicate the subject, taking into consideration the jobs pupils are holding and blow no clip to unclutter these misconceptions Allow pupils to hold sufficient sum of clip to pattern some jobs in category and at the same clip, utilize this ‘free ‘ clip to cover separately with those holding farther jobs Summarize the whole lesson Give a sensible sum of prep Reserve the following session for rectifying prep and for farther pattern ( remedial plants if needed ) A well-prepared lesson program non merely affect the resource allotment accomplishment but besides the entrepreneurial accomplishment of the teacher-manager as the latter trades with the ability of the instructor to look for jobs and chances that may originate during a lesson and thereof, implement the necessary alteration swimmingly. 2.4.1.6 Introspection Skill This maybe the most of import accomplishment needed by a teacher-manager. It deals with the instructor ‘s ability to reflect upon his ain work and the impact it has on his pupils. In other words, after each lesson, the instructor needs to self-evaluate himself. Successful rating would be that learning and acquisition has occurred and each pupil has understood the lesson and all plants have been completed. Else, the instructor needs to alter his learning schemes and/or behavior in category. 2.4.2 Criticism Dr Sohawon made this talk lively through his assorted real-life instances and so, it was an gratifying and enriching experience. However, some facets of the faculty, I believe, are out of range of a instructor, for case, the construct of quality control. I think that these constructs should be taught to a group of experient educational officers that entirely has for occupation to supervise the public presentation of instructors and pupils. 2.4.3 Self-Reflection At the beginning of the faculty, I thought that the subjects were beyond me as I am comparatively new to learning and the lector was speaking about being a director, a supervisor or an inspector and how to pull off or oversee. But, as the faculty was dealt farther, these managerial manners and accomplishments are as of import for a instructor as they are for a director. This is because, in the category, I concluded that the instructor has multiple functions. Furthermore, since I have been appointed as Section Leader for Form 4 and Form 5 ( Boys ) , I am gaining the importance of the different theories learnt in the faculty sing managing and supervision. 2.5 Tendencies in Pedagogy This faculty, harmonizing to me, is one of the most of import faculties of the whole class as it covered really of import subjects which are straight related to the instructor and his instructions. Among the many fruitful subjects, I would wish to portion my positions on instructor motive as it is a subject that is non frequently talked about. 2.5.1 Teacher Motivation A definition of instructor motive, harmonizing to me, would be a force that drives a instructor to make his best so as the best acquisition environment is formed for pupils. Associated to teacher motive are a low degree rate of absenteeism and a good disciplinary record of the instructor. Harmonizing to Michaelowa ( 2002, p.5 ) , teacher motive can be defined as â€Å" willingness, thrust or desire to prosecute in good instruction † . Hence, mathematically talking, teacher motive is tantamount to efficient instruction and accordingly, efficient acquisition. Some people believe they are born to be instructors. Others believe they have the necessary qualities for being a instructor. Normally, these people are per se motivated instructors. No external factors, positive or negative, would impact their finding to give their best as they care for the pupils and they want to see their pupils achieve in their surveies and in life. For making so, they are willing to make a batch of forfeit and utilize a battalion of schemes for the addition of the pupils. The bulk of instructors need to be motivated extrinsically, that is, their degree of motive is based on some external factors which may be straight related to the school environment or related to personal issues in their private life. A first issue that can assist in actuating a instructor, in my sentiment, is a just and just timetable. Bing a mathematics instructor, it would be really hard and demotivating to work excessively many periods per hebdomad, particularly if there are a batch of lower secondary categories. This is because to learn mathematics, one needs a batch of readying, concentration and energy so as to further a fruitful and dynamic acquisition environment whereby pupils are active and interested in the topic. Otherwise, from past experience, pupils are easy bored in mathematics categories that have a humdrum acquisition environment. Furthermore, instructors are motivated when they have pupils who make attempt and work good every bit good as participate in category. H armonizing to Csikszentmihalyi ( 1990 ) , a individual who is involved in an activity and is working at the extremum of his abilities reaches a province of felicity and satisfaction. Schonfeld ( 1989 ) claimed that being satisfied with one ‘s occupation is an index of morale and motive. Another component for teacher motive is being praised and rewarded by the direction or inspectors/supervisors. Bamisaye ( 1998 ) found that unjust administrative and supervisory patterns tend to sabotage teacher morale. Furthermore, harmonizing to Nwankwo ( 1984 ) , instructors feel extremely motivated when they are consulted about determinations sing their work. One farther component of import for actuating instructors would be a better wage. It is frequently argued that instructors are non being salaried for what they are truly deserving. The student-teacher ratio in a category should besides, harmonizing to me, be sensible. Just imagine learning mathematics with 40 pupils in a category. Will the instructor have sufficient clip to look at each of his pupils separately? To farther motivate instructors extrinsically, all educational installations should be offered to the instructor to to the full show himself suitably in category. For case, in mathematics, while explicating the subject ‘Transformation ‘ , a set of geometrical instruments is needed to heighten instruction and acquisition. Apart from offering the necessary installations for instruction, it would be every bit actuating for instructors to hold installations to rest or loosen up during their free clip. Some instructors, with a position to reenforce their instruction, like to introduce utilizing different schemes which may affect different siting agreement or the usage of modern technological tools. However, if the direction is loath to alterations, the instructor might be demotivated. Hence, holding the support of the direction is critical importance in the devising of well-motivated instruction and acquisition environment. Last, instructors may hold some personal crisis related to their household and relations. Problems such as statements with their childs and partner or divorce or even fiscal jobs, among others, may impact the end product of the instructor. By supplying appropriate psychological services, the direction could assist in work outing the jobs of instructors. In a survey by Gokce ( 2010 ) about instructor demands, there were 29 inquiries about the extent to which their demands were satisfied and 29 inquiries about the importance of those demands. He so compared most of his consequences to Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Needs ( 1954 ) , reasoning that instructor ‘s psychological demands were non being met, though their most basic demands are. He besides concluded that if instructors know that their most basic demands will be met, it will increase motive. 2.5.2 Criticism I believe that this faculty, along with Functional English, was possibly the most apprehended faculty by all the pupils. Mr Bakarally generated a lively schoolroom environment through his treatments. However, sometimes, we had the same job as with Dr Rassool. We were confused about which faculty we are discoursing due to the fact that we did two faculties with Mr Bakarally, Trends in Pedagogy and Functional English. 2.5.3 Self-Reflection ‘Trends in Pedagogy ‘ allowed me to larn about the different attacks to learning. Upon farther reading, I came to recognize that for better bringing of a peculiar lesson in Mathematics, sometimes, a blend of these attacks is most appropriate depending on the contents of the lesson. For case, the behaviorist attack can be applied to take down secondary pupils holding troubles with simple arithmetic operations by giving them a considerate sum of jobs to undertake. Motivation is another facet of this faculty that I think is indispensable for the proper operation of a schoolroom activity. Without both teacher motive and pupil motive, I think that effectual instruction and acquisition will non happen. Chapter Three – General Decision I can state that after merely a twelvemonth following the B.Ed class, I have grown up professionally as a mature pedagogue. Through the faculties ‘Introduction to Curriculum ‘ and ‘Assessment and Evaluation ‘ among others, I have learnt the necessity of fixing a professional day-to-day lesson program. Five lesson programs have been annexed to the portfolio. Even though the journey was a hard one, I believe it was worthwhile to ship on it in order to be a better instructor. I think that this class helped us to gain that money is a secondary issue for a instructor. The most of import issue for a instructor is to utilize the different agencies at his disposal to bring forth efficient and effectual instruction and acquisition. Success for a instructor I believe is to see his pupils going some of import people in the society.

Moral panic

The public has always used the Mass Media as the primary source of information about most topics especially crime. The Mass Media has the power to convey messages and ideas to a large audience but how truthful or factual these messages are has long been a debate of sociologist, due to news broadcast being so criminogenic for example, Ericson et al (1987). â€Å"Study of news-making in Toronto found that a remarkably high proportion of news was about deviance and control.Ranging from 45. % in newspaper to 71. 5% on radio stations. ( Maguire,Morgan and Reiner 2012, p. 248) Therefore this use of Media may create fear amongst the public which in turn causes â€Å"Moral panic† and â€Å"Folk Devils†. Therefore I will outline and Illustrate the term â€Å"Moral Panic† and the effect it has on the public, also aiming to show the role the Media plays in creating panic. â€Å"Moral panic†is a term used to describe groups or subculture as a threat to the way of lif e for society's, norms and values.There are several organisations who claims a oral breakdown such as the â€Å"Mass Media, Politicians and churches†(Tim Newburn 2013, p. 96). Stanley Cohen's research into the Mods and Rockers gave a clear view of the media classifying these subcultures as deviant and creating panic amongst the public. Cohen's had three main ideas to illustrate how â€Å"Moral Panic† was created during the 1960s. Firstly Exaggeration and Distortion. â€Å"The exaggeration of seriousness†¦. the proportion engaged in violence†. Secondly Prediction. † Media coverage regularly assumed events would be even worse†.Lastly Symbolisation † Mods and Rockers appearance became associated with delinquency and deviant behaviour. (Tim Newburn 2013, p. 97). This indicates that the Media's use of emotive language used in broadcast and newspapers created â€Å"Folk Devils† of these subcultures and wide scale panic in Britain and subs equently creating stigma towards Mods and Rockers. However there has been criticism of the â€Å"Moral Panic† Theory. Jewkes (2004) states that the audience may not be as receptive to the â€Å"Moral Panic† as Cohen mentioned. Tim Newburn 2013, p. 101).This indicates that the public are more aware of issues in society and are able to think rationally without becoming fearful of news reports. Secondly â€Å"an occasional over-reading of the extent of â€Å"panickyness† in media representations†. This demonstrates that Cohen had no real evidence to prove that â€Å"moral panics† created panic amongst society, as it would be difficult to measure the level of concern throughout communities. To conclude â€Å"Moral Panic† may sometimes be created by the Mass-Media through the se of emotive and sensationalised heading to make a story more entertaining or appealing to its audience.Through this process they create fear amongst the public and stigmat ize subcultures which in turn may cause these social groups to be the truth out for themselves and come to their own conclusion without relying on the media as a primary source of information.

Frankish-Muslim Relations during the Crusades Essay

Frankish-Muslim Relations during the Crusades - Essay Example Inter-Religious wars manifest in the nature of arguments between Muslims and Christians and their mode of reference to each other. For example, the Franks are enemies to the Muslims and at the same time their property owners. The essence of the crusade period is the inferior consideration that each member of the two distinct religions gave to each other. Apparently, the arguments about the episodes of the interactions between Muslims and Christians are judgmental because the two authors Ibn Jubayr and Ibn Manqidh were both Muslims. They majorly present the Christian Franks as the dominant group, inflicting suffering and misconduct against the Muslim community. It very rarely mentions the incidents where Muslims did injustice and unfairness. From the two accounts, the only exceptional case of Christian virtue demonstrated by the Frankish community was where a knight defended a Muslim Merchant from a crowd that was planning vengeance on him (Munqidh 38). This was after another knight w oman alleged that the Muslim had murdered her brother. 2. Research Questions The research is based on two major questions: 2.1. Question 1: How were the Muslims and the Frankish Community relating and how was their interaction? 2.2. Question 2: Was the Crusade Period a war or one community was dominating the other? 3. Discussion To answer the questions, the interaction between the two communities was full of interreligious isolation. The Christian Franks showed many discriminative alignments against the Muslims as is evident in the boundaries between the two religious groups. A good example is the â€Å"The Tree Measure†. Further discussion will reveal more details to validity the responses to the study questions. 3.1. Segregation or Interaction Interreligious separation as discussed by the two authors present the Franks and Muslims as two different communities, living in total separation. In fact, not even a meal can bring them together except where one party compromises his or her faith. In this regard, there were farms belonging to the Muslim Community, such as Tibnin. The rightful ownership the Farms were controlled by the Frankish community (the property owners). However, Ibn Jubayr acknowledges that in that settlement, the Muslims and Christian Franks were living peacefully. This is ironical since at the same time, he claims that Muslims had to surrender part of their harvests to the Franks as poll tax. The perpetrators of racial and religious injustices were majorly the Franks, who forced the Muslims to observe the conventional laws developed by their own government (the Franks). This robbed the Muslims of their freedom and rights. The Franks, as Ibn Jubayr claims, robbed the Muslim habitats and spared the Frankish side (Jubair 52). In Syria, there is a very clear example of religious discrimination and isolation, where the Frankish merchants grabbed mosques and turned them into Churches, much to the disappointment of the Muslims. They turned the areas previously used by Muslims for worshipping, into abomination by erecting Christian crosses, slaughtering pigs and defiling them with excrement. In all this, Ibn Jubayr claims that Muslims could only weep with their eyes full of tears of pain. 3.2. Points of Interaction The points of interaction between Muslims and Christians were the trading points such as Acre in Syria. This was the unloading point for ships. The Muslims and Christian Franks from all regions gathered in this place and interacted but of course, with

The Role of HR generalist Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Role of HR generalist - Coursework Example He is expected to diagnose data besides facilitating it. They are expected by the management to be its true business partner. Their role even spreads further to talent management, turnover, declining productivity and recruiting. According to Kandula, (2004), human resource generalist is expected to be at the forefront in matters to do with diagnosing human capital concerns as opposed to employee issues. Human resource managers are involved in developing employees, managing workforce, developing personnel policies and procedures and ensuring that internal policies conform to all laws that affect the workplace. According to Jackson, & Mathis (2010), he is expected to develop ways of meeting human resource need with regard to future. Entry-level position of generalist is mostly renamed as personnel assistant, and they provide reinforcement to the entire department. Examples of generalist titles include human resource business partner, human resource branch manager and people services ma nager. Planning and employment of workforce: he does the role of a recruiter. This includes conducting interviews, implementing recruitment strategy of the organization and conducting reshuffles within the workforce. A clear example is the staffing specialist or manager. Developing human resource: this work involves conducting training, evaluating training programs and development programs. This training may consist of specific fields like sales techniques. A superb example includes leadership development manager. Total rewards: At entry-level they are referred to as salary administrators. They are expected to perform analyzing job duties, performing job evaluations and conducting compensation surveys. They monitor benefit programs and cost. Example job titles are benefits analyst and specialist manager. Employee labor relations: while at entry-level they are known as labor relations specialist. They interpret union

Quiz 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Quiz 3 - Essay Example This usually causes challenges for example when the executive does not have majority in the legislature it means that the executives will need a compromise between the executives and the opposing party. A presidential signing statement is a written declaration by the president of United States when signing of bill is signed to be a law. The reason behind this is to point out the best and worst aspects of the bill so as to fit to the administration. The second reason is political purpose; this is to clarify the ambiguous point of the bill. Lastly, is constitution where the president announces the views of the bill on the constitutional aspects. The notion of collective leadership is not compatible with the United States this is because competencies must apply to all the leaders in the government or in organizations. This means performance and accountability is the key issue to be dealt with in all aspects. Legislative veto is two forms of government, monarchies and separation of powers where the congress has the power to take action on the president of other executive officers (Hall, 56). For example French monarch’s veto national assembly when there was French

Language and Communication for Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Language and Communication for Science - Essay Example The Therefore, following the relationship between language and scientific development, I intend to expound on this relation. More to this, I shall give an examination of what this relationship implies in human resources development planning, and use Japan and China as illustrations. Scientific knowledge refers to objective knowledge of the universe and its phenomena. Such knowledge derives from the use of scientific methods of inquiry, and goes through public validation process to ensure it conforms to the empirical observations of natural phenomena. Storing such knowledge for further scientific advancement, as well as reference leads to the generation of scientific literature, which can be defined as a store of objective knowledge. Consequent to this, a clear relation develops between science and language as the knowledge developed gets to be stored in a certain form of language. Having elaborated on this relationship, I continue by highlighting the importance of language in the process of modernization. Scientific literature provides scientists with an accumulation of scientific knowledge. Given that scientists do not function in isolation, such literature provides them with the necessary information to boost their research. They refer to the scientific literature, to gain an understanding of what research has been done in the past. In addition to this, they get to develop knowledge gaps in such scientific knowledge, thus advancing the research process. Sharing the information with other scientists, using language as a means of communication, helps in innovating technologies that lead to the modernization of underdeveloped and developing nations. Given that scientists derive the required scientific information from scientific literature, the time taken to access the information determines the viability of any research

An act of kindness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An act of kindness - Essay Example The author has rightly presented that kindness is not restricted to help someone with material things like money, food or clothes. Kindness also means to share someone’s grief or pain or it also means to say a few kind words which could redress people’s grievances. Whoever performs an act of kindness, it is a message delivered from one heart to another generated from the inner self. The author tells that he cannot remember exactly in which class he was. But he does remember the very first act of kindness he did for someone. One day, the researcher was coming back home from his school that he saw a boy of his age begging on the signal. The author was surprised to see that why the child of his age is begging instead of wearing a school uniform and books in the hand. The author asked his father that why there is so much difference between the two of them. His father replied that they are poor children and they cannot afford to buy a uniform and school books. Their parents are forced to send them begging money and food so that they can feed their stomach. The author said to his father that he cannot see a child of his age begging on the road instead of studying in school. What could he do to help this urchin? His father said that if you really want to do an act of kindness and help the poor kid, you should compromise on something you have and you love. God will be very happy with your kind act. Suddenly, something clicked his mind.

Multimedia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Multimedia - Essay Example These differences are highlighted below: (i) Face-to-face traditional class: In the physical class, the nursing instructor is the main visible authority, and he or she may use a chalk board, white board, overhead projector and an/or handouts to let the students understand his or her lessons (McKeachie, 2010; Billings and Halstead, 2008). In recent years, advanced technologies have increased the number of teaching tools utilized in the traditional nursing classes—these include but are limited to the use of video clips, demonstrative videos, powerpoint presentations and ELMO (Electricity Light Machine Organization), which is a document camera. Initially, researches have shown that face-to-face learning has become redundant, passive and uninteresting to the students. The use of these multimedia will surely bring some spark and energy into the lessons in as much as the nursing instructors have been duly trained about how to use them (Billings and Halstead, 2008). More importantly, the instructors must be able to elicit some active responses from their students while using the teaching multimedia. If not, it would appear that the nursing instructor was only entertaining the students with modern technologies and not passing across the right messages (McKeachie, 2010). (ii) Virtual Class: One of the beauties of modern technology is that it allows people to study online irrespective of their present location; so far there is an Internet connection (Jairath and Mills, 2006). Some of the useful tools employed in online nursing education include but not restricted to computers, video clips, text (both on-screen and short-messaging), Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) applications that allow students to hold one-on-one conversation with their peers and tutors, activity-based tools like simulated interactive discourses, hypermedia software that can elaborate more on themes of studies, skill labs and Internet

The main purpose of a prison sentence is to punish Research Paper

The main purpose of a prison sentence is to punish - Research Paper Example The price of crime is a ‘time-out’ of public life, the cost of having acted against the interests of the people of a city, state or nation. Because the definition of punishment has become rolled into some sort of benefit to the future, it no longer serves its true purpose. There are good reasons that rehabilitation is included in the goals of the state in approaching the consequences of crime. However, prison is punishment, but as it has been confused with other elements of the justice system, the social ’identity’ of prison has become a poor infusion of too many ideas that are not being well managed. The reason that this topic is being discussed in this essay is that other compensations should be in place for victims and should be used in order to rehabilitate, but because these concepts have been rolled into the prison system, none of the goals of incarceration are being fully reached and that is leaving the public vulnerable to future crimes. According t o Brinkerhoff et al (2008), there are four reasons to punish: â€Å"retributionâ€Å", â€Å"preventionâ€Å", â€Å"deterrenceâ€Å", and â€Å"reform† (p. 136). However, none of these concepts are part of the definition of punishment. ... 124). Both of these definitions, however, are centered on what they mean for the future. Punishment, according to the dictionary, is â€Å"the penalty for doing something wrongâ€Å". In confusing the purpose and definition of punishment with a product that benefits society or the future means that its purpose has become convoluted with multiple opinions and purposes that create long, drawn out sentences that do not serve the purposes of anyone in the process. According to DeLisi and Conis (2010), â€Å"to thirds of the prisoners released from prison will recidivate within three years of their release† (p. 236). This decreases after a five year prison term, but that is correlated to offenders aging out of their crime rather than because prison has had the effect of deterrence or rehabilitation. There is no real evidence that prison has any effect on recidivism (Delisi and Conism, 2010, p. 236). Prisons are also a breeding ground for making offenders more disillusioned about society and for creating a focus on criminal life. In neglecting incarceration as a cost for a crime and imposing long sentences in the belief that it will lower crime rates, society has created breeding grounds for individuals who have little hope in having a positive contribution to society after time in prison. In trying to create a identity for prison as a place to find rehabilitation, deter and prevent crime, as well as provide retribution, none of these goals are being met. There has been a concerted effort, through rolling all of these concepts together, to best serve society. According to Blakely (2005), â€Å"rehabilitation is concerned with the long-termed success of the inmate† (p. 10). Marx has suggested that bourgeois life has become consumed with the idea of cost

Principles of Marketing Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Principles of Marketing Bachelor - Essay Example (Porter, 1985) This can be defined as what must be sacrificed or given up by one party in an exchange inorder to obtain another item from the other party. Price means a variety of things to a number of people. The first view is the consumers view. He does not just consider price in monetary terms i.e. what he must pay to get a good or service, but he also considers the time he has to spend to fully utilise the product. This implies that all the trouble he has to undergo before he can derive utility from the product is considered as a price. While the seller considers price in a positive sense in that it is a reflection of the amount of revenue he is getting. It is also seen as a prerequisite to profit. It is also an important marketing aid for organisations. This is because marketers can use their prices as a tool to advertise or promote their wares. There are a number of factors that need to be considered by the marketer when making pricing decisions. This is because it is not just the final consumer who will make contact with his product. Taking an example of a book sold online - the publisher must consider wholesalers, retailers and even resellers because these groups of people will substantially affect his final income. (Hunger, 2003) The main idea behind any price decision is to strike a balance between satisfying the customer's needs while at the same time making profit for the organisation. It should be remembered that price is proportional to innovation. This is because creativity adds value and thus allows the company to raise its price. Besides this fact, a marketer should also incorporate a company's objectives - what does the company want to gain from sale of a product or service. Allowances and discounts need to be integrated too be cause they cause a substantial decrease in sale of the product. If a product is new to the market, it must have a lower price to lure consumers. This is what is called tactful introductory pricing. In addition, a marketer needs to consider geographical factors when setting his price. The product may have to travel long distances from its place of manufacture. Lastly, prices should be flexible at all times. It must reflect both internal and external market forces and these are very dynamic factors. Place -distribution channels Distribution channels include all the people between the consumer and the supplier that are involved in the exchange of services or products. The activities integrated in distribution range from storage, ordering, shipping, promotion, displaying, feedback and selling. In this channelling process there are usually two broad categories i.e. firms specialised in channels and resellers. Resellers are those groups that take over ownership of products from the marketer and sell these to others. Resellers may come in form of a network or may simply be on their own. Examples of resellers include retailers, wholesalers and industrial distributors. Speciality firms provide help with the sale of an item but do not necessarily buy the item. Some of them may be brokers or agents who bring sellers and buyers in concert after a certain charge. Other speciality firms are distribution service firms who help in storage, transportation or other activities that involve

Spring Festival Essay Example for Free

Spring Festival Essay Spring Festival is the most joyful festival in China, and it is also the day of a family member reuniting. Do you want to know that Chinese how to celebrate this festival? Putting the spring festival scrolls up, hanging the lanterns, having the reunion meals, having dumplings, sitting up late and waiting for the ring of the New Year are all the Spring Festival’s custom. All the activities contain the nice blessings and willing. For instance, eating fishes during the festival express that they hope they are abundant every year, and giving oranges and apples express lucky and safety. Before the New Year comes, the people completely clean the indoors and outdoors of their homes as well as their clothes, bedclothes and all their utensils. Then people begin decorating their clean rooms featuring an atmosphere of rejoicing and festivity. All the door panels will be pasted with Spring Festival couplets, highlighting Chinese calligraphy with black characters on red paper. The content varies from house owners wishes for a bright future to good luck for the New Year. Also, pictures of the god of doors and wealth will be posted on front doors to ward off evil spirits and welcome peace and abundance. Burning fireworks was once the most typical custom on the Spring Festival. People thought the spluttering sound could help drive away evil spirits. However, such an activity was completely or partially forbidden in big cities once the government took security, noise and pollution factors into consideration. As a replacement, some buy tapes with firecracker sounds to listen to, some break little balloons to get the sound too, while others buy firecracker handicrafts to hang in the living room. The Chinese character fu (meaning blessing or happiness) is a must. The character put on paper can be pasted normally or upside down, for in Chinese the reversed fu is homophonic with fu comes, both being pronounced as fudaole. Whats more, two big red lanterns can be raised on both sides of the front door. Red paper-cuttings can be seen on window glass and brightly colored New Year paintings with auspicious meanings may be put on the wall. People attach great importance to Spring Festival Eve. At that time, all family members eat dinner together. The meal is more luxurious than usual. Dishes such as chicken, fish and bean curd cannot be excluded, for in Chinese, their pronunciations, respectively ji, yu and doufu, mean auspiciousness, abundance and richness. After the dinner, the whole family will sit together, chatting and watching TV. In recent years, the Spring Festival party broadcast on China Central Television Station (CCTV) is essential entertainment for the Chinese both at home and abroad. According to custom, each family will stay up to see the New Year in. Waking up on New Year, everybody dresses up. First they extend greetings to their parents. Then each child will get money as a New Year gift, wrapped up in red paper. People in northern China will eat jiaozi, or dumplings, for breakfast, as they think jiaozi in sound means bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new. Also, the shape of the dumpling is like gold ingot from ancient China. So people eat them and wish for money and treasure.

Paul Rand Essay Example for Free

Paul Rand Essay Paul Rand (born Peretz Rosenbaum, August 15, 1914 – November 26, 1996) was a well-known American graphic designer, best known for his corporate logo designs. He designed many posters and corporate identities, including the logos for IBM, UPS, ABC and Westinghouse. Paul Rand portrayed abstract ideas with clarity that resonated with viewers. In his work, Rand recast modern art as something innocuous for the average patron, and no longer a radical political manifesto. This adoption of modernist ideas to mainstream communication shifted the work from rebellious to insightful. One of his strengths was his ability as a salesman to explain the needs his identities would address for the corporation. Rand used the avant garde movements as inspiration for his own style. He came to appreciate a relationship between geometric form and color through the works of artists like Wassily Kandinsky, Adolphe Mouron Cassandre and Moholy Nagy as well as an understanding of line through the works of artists such as Paul Klee. Rand developed elements from these artists and fused them with the American Modernist Movement that grew out of the 1930’s. Modernism was a movement that continued to change and grow as the twentieth century progressed. During Rand’s time, modernist art expression started to merge with American pop culture. Other designers of the time, such as Lester Beall, Saul Bass and Bradbury Thompson embraced this exposure of design to the mainstream through advertising, logo design, poster design, book jackets, packaging, etc. Most of these artist’s works from the time incorporate bold color, basic geometric form, playful typography and an obvious experimentation with formal decision-making. These elements are repeated in Paul Rand’s work but in a style that is indicatively his own.

An Overview Of The Oasis Theory History Essay

An Overview Of The Oasis Theory History Essay Now a days we take the domestication of plants and animals for granted, but the vegetables, fruits, milk products, grain, and meats we eat everyday come from long ago human intervention in the life cycles of wild animals and plants (Selig, Ruth vol. 15, No.2, 1993). Agriculture began 10,000 years ago, the shift took place over many centuries and in several locations around the world. In addition plant domestication occurred in at least 10 to 11 regions around the world. The beginning of agriculture thus marks a clear watershed and defines one of the major ecological changes in the history of the planet (Selig, Ruth vol. 15, No.2, 1993). But What is the most convincing theory for the origins of agriculture? The Oasis Theory In 1936, Australian archaeologist V. Gordon Childe proposed one of the first coherent theories to explain the origins of agriculture. Childe referred to the The adoption of agriculture as the neolithic revolution, one of those key changes in prehistory that could be likened in their impact to the industrial revolution of 18th-century. While it is true that both agriculture and urbanism brought profound social and economic change, the term revolution implies a sudden and dramatic transition that does not accurately characterize the varied nature of these changes in different parts of the world(Scarre, Chris, ed. 2005). Also demographic theories from the 1960s assert that agricultural origins looked for factors that would forced hunter-gatherers to abandon their existing lifestyle and adopt the more labor-intensive agriculture(Scarre, chris, ed. 2005). In addition to that as the result of long term relationship between humans and their food sources agriculture should be viewed as one type of evolutionary adaptation between humans and other species(Scarre, chris, ed. 2005). Origins of Agriculture The first mark of agriculture development took place in the area known as the Fertile Crescent( present day Syria, Iraq, Israel, and Lebanon). Furthermore Agriculture refers to a series of discoveries involving the domestication, culture, and management of plants and animals. It is one of the most far reaching discoveries of early humans leading to profound social changes( Diamond, J. 2002). Agriculture was also developed on some others different areas like China, and Mesoamerica but on a later particular time. Finally Agriculture must be thought of as a series of discoveries involving the domestication of plants and animals and their management. (Fig 3-3)( Diamond, J. 2002) The Neolithic Age Technologies of ceramics and spinning the wheel is not only the basis for the mechanical and transportation revolution but is also connected with the, The neolithic or new stone age (7 to 10,000 years ago) pertains to a stage of culture following the paleolithic and is characterized by the use of polished stone implements, development of permanent dwellings, cultural advances such as pottery making, domestication of animals and plants, the cultivation of grain and fruits trees, and weaving (Fig.3-2) . (Diamond, J. 2002 ) (3-2) Terra cotta, was used as weights in the process of spinning threads 5000 BCE. At Last The change from hunting/gathering to primitive farming appears so abrupt that this technological change is often characterized as the Neolithic Revolution. (Diamond, J. 2002 ). The Origins of Agriculture: Rise of Civilization or Defying Evolution Another idea implies that the long dry seasons occurring after the pleistocene caused adaptations on vegetations Changing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, affecting plant photosynthesis, also may have created an environment supportive of agriculture. During the Pleistocene, CO2 levels were below 200 parts per million, increasing to above 250 ppm as the earth pulled out of the glacial age. This may have increased plant productivity by up to fifty percent, enabling crop domestication to develop (Mawr Bryn, 2000: ). The following quotes is one of the various evidence that suggest that humans were far better as foragers than after they took up agriculture. Hunter-gatherers enjoyed a varied diet of thousands of types of plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts, while agriculturists relied on just one or two starchy crops, choosing cheap calories at the cost of poor nutrition. Today wheat, corn, and rice provide most of the calories for humans, yet each one is deficient in certain essential pr oteins and amino acids. Agriculturists also ran a much greater risk of starvation by depending on a few key crops, as opposed to foragers whose consumption does not rely on any one plant but is diverse and flexible. Agriculture, able to support higher population densities, caused people to live in closer quarters. This invited the spread of parasites and infectious diseases that foragers avoided by living in smaller numbers in larger areas. Studies of various skeletal evidence indicate an increase in infectious diseases, malnutrition, and anemia in early agricultural societies as compared to hunter-gatherers(Mawr Bryn, 2000: ) Origins of Agriculture: New Ideas, New Data There are at least ten different places around the world where agriculture was independently developed, and the antiquity of domestication is being pushed back in time with new discoveries. ThereforeThere was a major emphasis on the origins of agriculture in East Asia. Lesser-known regions such as Papua New Guinea, Africa, and eastern North America were included in our discussions. Lots of new data were presented from East and West Asia, Africa, and Central and South America (fig. 3-3)( Price T. Douglas, 2011: ) Information on estimated dates bp cal for domestication in these areas are provided in (table 1). (3-3)Major centers of domestication and dates for earliest plants and animals picture Marcia Bakry. Today an eerie synchronicity in the timing of the first domesticated around the end of the pleistocene is emerging.Another commonality among the cradles of agriculture is the rich environments in which farming originates. Experiments in domestication do not take place in marginal areas but amid concentrations of population and resources across the globe. It also appears that in each area where several different species are involved in the transition to agriculture, there are multiple centers of domestication within the region. A number of groups appear to be manipulating their natural world ( Price T. Douglas, 2011: ). On the other hand During the first half of the twentieth century, the best information on early farming villages came from riverine areas or oases in Northeast Africa and Southwest Asia-along the Nile River in Egypt and at Jericho in the Jordan Valley, for example. Early views on the origins of agriculture focused on climate change. (Price T. Douglas, 2011: ). A number of important general factors in the origins of agriculture were recognized at the symposium. These factors can be categorized as exogenous, or natural (e.g., climate/environment, population growth), and endogenous, or cultural (e.g., social change, religion). Theories on the transition to agriculture have most often focused on external factors such as climatic change or inherent growth in population as problems solved by the cultivation of plants and animals( Price T. Douglas, 2011). . The purpose of this Assignment was to advise the reader with the main theories and evidence on the Origins of Agriculture. Farming predominate the activities of a particular community and determine the main diet, although hunting and gathering may continue. Farming is a way of obtaining food that involves the cultivation of plants and the controlled of animals. Today two thirds of humans necessary calorie and protein intake comes from key cereal grains domesticated in the earlier holocene.

Essay --

The tobacco industry is known as one of the most controversial industries around the globe. The conflicting two viewpoints that raise challenges for the industry are between the people involved in the industry and those affected by it. Large producers and manufacturers of tobacco products argue that the production plays a vital role in the world economy contributing billions of dollars each year in tax dollars. On the opposing side is the health argument stating that over half of tobacco smokers die of tobacco related illnesses around the globe. As an ever growing global industry it has become more prevalent as well as scrutinized over the past one hundred years. Tobacco is one of the most widely used addictive substances in the world and can grow in â€Å"any warm, moist environment, which means it can be farmed on all continents except for Antarctica†. The plant itself is native to the Americas and historically one of the half-dozen most important crops grown by American fa rmers For nearly 200 years between the 1600’s to the 1800’s tobacco was one of the most valuable exports from the English American colonies and the United States. All the way up until the mid-1900’s the United States not only produced but also exported and manufactured more tobacco than any other country around the globe. As an agricultural product the prices of all tobacco products depends on crop yields which can be affected by all elements such as weather conditions. It wasn’t until the 1960’s when the potentially deadly effects of tobacco were discovered did the industry suffer a decline. This tobacco related evidencing side effects led to an immediate decline in support of the industry as a whole, specifically the producers and manufacturers. Laws around... ...any issues surrounding tobacco smoking such as heart disease, lung cancer, etc. Being that tobacco is a highly addictive product these products fulfill the need and craving of nicotine without the side effects of cigarette smoking. These products are supported greatly in the fight to stop tobacco consumption and do not face any restrictions within the market, unlike tobacco. Furthermore, over these past few years increasing technology has affected the tobacco industry. Electronic cigarettes have begun replicating the oral fixation and craving that smoking gives to users. By satisfying this urge these electronic cigarettes have quickly become a very popular alternative within the market. There is an inverse relationship between their popularity and the usage of tobacco products. As the number of users of replacement products increases, tobacco usage then decreases.

Essay --

A soldier, conscripted or not, will face many stresses during their career. Serving for any amount of time is a trial, but some are more suited to the military than others. A drafted soldier may go through their entire mandatory term feeling miserable and insufficient, completely overwhelmed by the tasks that military professionals easily complete. These pressures and the denial of a choice of career should not be placed on any person. The idea of a two-year term of mandatory military service being implanted has been brought up. Military service should not be mandatory not only because it violates fundamental individual rights of humans, but also due to the fact that a military based on volunteers would operate much more impressively than one comprised of conscripted soldiers who would not have chosen to serve otherwise. One of the most fundamental problems with conscription is that it contradicts one of the main concepts that the United States was built on. The entire concept of conscription â€Å"violated fundamental principles of individual liberty† (â€Å"Should a Year†¦Ã¢â‚¬  n.pag.). To obligate one to serve in a field which they normally would not choose is to take away their rights as an individual to decide how best they should spend their working life. Aside from being ethically wrong on a basic level, conscription violates a literal law composed by the leaders of the United States. The 13th amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America says, â€Å"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction† (â€Å"Should a Year†¦Ã¢â‚¬  n.pag.). This unquestionably insists that any mandatory ... ...tary full of soldiers with this problem could very easily become insufficient. In conclusion, not only does conscription contradict fundamental human rights, it is also ineffectual due to the generally lesser-quality soldiers that it tends to produce. One of the ideas that the United States was built on, that individuals should have the liberty to decide how and where to work, is violated by the idea of conscription. Most times, drafted soldiers will perform less admirably than their professional counterparts; the general unwillingness to serve on top of the usual pressures of the military can physically and mentally impact them to a greater degree. Do not tolerate the idea of compulsory military service, especially in times such as this in which it is not at all necessary. Help those who support it understand why conscription is a blatant violation of human rights.

Renewable Power Policy and Hydroelectric Dams Essay -- Environment Exp

Renewable Power Policy and Hydroelectric Dams There has been much controversy over changes in the environment due to the placement of hydroelectric dams, and also due to the pollution caused by other power plants which use non-renewable sources of energy. The arguments which come from certain groups against both sides seem rather strange. The purpose of this paper is to explore the environmental and other effects from both energy sources, and the arguments which are presented by different groups who lobby for and against the two sources of power. It appears in many opinions; a group will only access one issue, actually separating two topics which go hand in hand. The focus for examples in this paper with mainly rely on the southwest, and the case presented by the sierra club, which is one of the largest environmentalist lobbying organizations in the United States. A deeper focus will lie in the Grand Canyon, where there are now 11 dams in place. These dams in the Grand Canyon have been placed for a few reasons: the Colorado River Restoration Project, which is made to help maintain the steady flow of water through the canyon, as well as to maintain and built fish and wildlife habitat; a supply of hydroelectric power, which is a renewable energy source to power the southwest; water reservoirs for surrounding communities in the Grand Canyon area; and also for recreation areas on the lakes and reservoirs which have been created by the existence of the dams. The attacks on these programs are focused into three areas: environment, culture and recreation. Supporters of reservoir draining are fighting for what they call a dying ecosystem from the flooding of large areas and the destruction of much fi... ...notes.pdf> Franklin, Chris â€Å"Let the Colorado River run free† Earth Island Journal Spring 97: 23. â€Å"Glen Canyon: Just Drain It!† Earth Island Journal, Autumn 2000: 24. McManus, Reed â€Å"Down Come the Dams† Sierra Mau/June 98: 16. Ostapuk, Paul. Exposing Sierra Club and Glen Canyon Institute Myths. May, 1997. Appreciating Lake Powell. 09 Nov. 2003. Siddall, Scott. Current Controversy: Draining Lake Powell. 26 Mar. 2002. Kenyon College. 09 Nov. 2003. Smith, Dean. â€Å"Homework #4† Economics 284. Fall, 2003 â€Å"Unemployment Rate Drops to 6%.† Arizona Daily Sun 08 Nov. 2003: A1 Wilke, Anne W. â€Å"Should Lake Powell be drained?† E Magazine: The Environmental Magazine Jan/Feb98:19. Zengerle, Jason â€Å"Water over the damn† New Republic 24 Nov. 97: 20.

Communication styles Essay

The impact of communication in marriage cannot be overemphasized as it is the main method of solving any crisis or conflict arising. There are different communication styles that can be applied in a marriage, expressiveness, driving, and relativity or analytical are forms of communication that may be used in marriage. Expressers get excited personal, waste time with too many facts or even show emotion to their partners while those with driving communication styles become very decisive and offer strong view points. Those who are relative in the way they are communicating, like positive attention and may want their partners to be helpful. This group of persons however, shies off when real problems come in especially when it comes to handling the children. This communication style is used by young marriages where partners just about 25 years of age get married. Communications styles can also be described as passive, assertive or aggressive. Passive forms communication involves putting the tights of the other partner before yours i.e. minimizing your own self worth at the expense of the marriage. Being assertive means that one partner in the marriage stands up for his or her rights while maintaining respect for the other i. e. all the partners in the marriage are all equal. Aggressiveness is a communication style that ensures that a wife or a husband stands up for his pr her right and in the process violate the rights of the other. This style of communication is usually the worst and may lead to divorce in extreme cases. Marriage resiliency Marriage resiliency is the couple’s capacity to develop and cultivate strengths from each other for the common good of the marriage in order ton meet their challenges . Resiliency can be defined to describe the responsive capabilities, social dynamics that foster health development of the marriage. Resiliency starts from an individual capacity to a family and community level making sure that the marriage bounces back after experiencing non-normative and expected challenges. Family resilience is characterized by invariant approaches that are dimensioned to help families resist any form of disruption in the face of change and become adaptive when a crisis occurs. Immigration and marriage Marriages are usually negatively affected by immigration procedures. Different countries have different laws governing the marriage of its citizens to non-citizens. It is usually an impediment to couples’ relationships because certain laws may offer recognition to one of the partner and the other is left out. However, with the emergence of dual citizenship rights, the issue may in the near future become a thing of the past. ‘Till death do us part? ’ This figure of speech is common in all wedding ceremonies and the couple getting married solemnly swear to the congregation that they will remain together till death do them part. Most critics believe that as long as there are increased cultural differences, modernization of societies and increases in domestic violence, the metaphor no longer makes sense. Every man and woman believes that they can live happily with each other especially when it is based on the performance of the two during courtship. This is not usually the case because immediately after marriage, the two members start quarrelling over this or that. This is the major contributing factor to the family problems and other domestic issues that families experience these days. It has been said that the more society becomes complicated, the more marriages become complicated and finally the more families become complicated. It is however, recommended that a personal commitment to each other within the marriage become the kingpin of the relationship. Lessons learnt from writing on marriage It has been interesting while researching on this topic. It is one of the research works that not only serves as an academic tool but also provides a learning opportunity for a person like me. Marriage is part and parcel of life and majority of the young people would dream of having better lives in future through marriage. Most young people believe that to secure there future and their old age days, they need to have married properly and have children who will look after the in future. Going through the types of marriages, its integration to the family setting and the importance of knowing the exact roles of each partner in a marriage is particularly useful. The various rules and boundaries that must be set to ensure the sustainability and stability of a marriage gives one an overview of how it is possible to develop them in real life situations through the experiences of other people and such kind of research. Therefore, this is one of the rare opportunities in life where one gets to learn more about what directly affects him or her in life. Personally, I feel grateful for the work I have done on this subject and I feel obliged to tell others about the integration of marriage systems in our families to enable them form good families now and in the future Questions for further research Marriage as part of a family practice continues to be complex especially with the emergence of contradicting legislation and complex societies; there is need for further research on; the impacts of different types of marriages on the extended families, development of policies and laws, and the society in general . What are the solutions to these? And what could be the role of governments and learning institutions in maintaining and making sure that marriages serve the purposed they are intended to. Other issues of concern are the ability of people to adopt resilience as a way of recovering from married related violence such as divorce, is divorce the answer to breaking marriages? With advancement in technology including foster mothers, test tube babies and the like, what could be the implications of these in cultural marriages and societies? Conclusion Marriages are forming a family. Marriage roles, rules, resilience abilities, communication styles, and spouse differences are issues that can affect the formation, development and improvement. Good marriage values are important not only for family cohesion but also for societal cultural maintenance. Challenges regarding re-orientation of the marriages within a family are many and common in this modern society, the problem is the manner in which they are currently addressed. References Antonovsky, A. , & Sourani, T (1988): Family sense of coherence and family adaptation.Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 79-92 Kaufman, J. , & Ziegler, E. (1987): Do abused children become abusive parents? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 186-192 McCubbin, H. , & Patterson, J. M. (1983): The family stress process; The Double Helix ABCX model of adjustment and adaptation, Social stress and the family: Advances in family stress theory and research New York pp. 7 -38. Nichols, M. , & Schwartz, R. (2000): Family communications: Concepts and methods, 5th edition, Needham Heights press Rolland, J. S. , & Weine, S. (2000): Kosovar Family Professional Educational Collaborative. AFTA Newsletter, 79, 34-43 Rutter, M. (1987): psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 316-330 Stacey, J. (1990): Brave new families: Stories of domestic upheaval in late 20th century America. New York: Basic Books. Walsh, F. , & McGoldrick, M (1998): Families in later life: Challenge and opportunities. The expanded life cycle Needham Heights, MA: pp. 307-327 Walsh, F. , & McGoldrick, M (1991): Living beyond loss: Death in the family. New York: Norton.

The Women’s Rights in Jackson Era

Meekness, humility, gentleness, love, purity, self-renunciation, subjection of exit. The fairest flowers, which our fallen world can produce, cleaning charrhoods virtues, according to the most satisfactory definition of the natural order in society (Melder 2). Men and wo men occupied completely different social situations. Between 1815 and 1840 the flock of womens lives transmuted in a reckon of ways, especially in education, under law, and in the attitudes influencing cleaning ladys social status.The most significant phase of American womens education before 1850 was the female seminary movement, which in its serious phase began around 1815. Emma Willard, the founder of cardinal of the earliest seminaries wrote the low gear comprehensive design for a female institution of learning to be circulated in America, Plan for Improving effeminate cultivation (Melder 16). In 1821, she began The Troy Female Seminary which became i of the most advanced and famous institutions fo r educating women in the United States.Catherine Beecher, like Emma Willard, sought to change the emphasis in the curriculum from dashing subjects to more substantial courses, including, Latin, philosophy, history, chemistry, and mathematics. She created The Hartford Female Seminary, considered a model building with its large hall seating cl pupils at writing desks, a library, medical dressing room, and nine recitation rooms(Davis 399). unmatchable of the most useful contributions of the seminary movements before 1850 focus on around making school program line a major vocation for women.Women replaced men as teachers first in the freshly England states during the 1830s, and spread through other regions in the 1840s. School reformers believed that the introduction of women teacher would non only be economical, but that the inflow of females would raise the quality of instruction(Melder 25). teaching method gave women practical experience in leading as well as examples to fol low, nevertheless produced a double standard in learning, especial(a) opportunities to use their new knowledge, and the simulate of unequal pay for the same get as men. Further evidence of the ever-changing status of American women may be found in the law.According to Blackstones interpretation of womens reasoned condition, By marriage, the husband and wife are one person in law, that is, the very being, or legal existence of the woman is hang during the marriage offering women little independence (Melder 120). But in 1823, Maine gave legal safeguard to the property rights and personal independence of unify women who had been deserted by their husbands, and Massachusetts followed in 1835. Then in New York in 1836, came an early proposal to give married women the right to hold independent property. man not many other legal firsts were granted to the womens cause, during the 1830s, American women participated in a series of reform movements which include the use of strong dr ink, education, and the issue of bondage each of which would benefit the well-being of the womans cause. Women were finally involved in the formation of meetings, circulating pamphlets and newsletters, while gaining a new since of sisterhood and happy independence. Socially, womans position began to change considerably. after 1800, middle class American women obviously developed a distinct common sense of their appropriate subject(Melder 7).Women were to elevate the intellectual character of her household and kindle the fires of amiable activity in early puerility(Graves 402). The private home was now the womans domain in holding the peace and practical piety(Melder 8). adult females crowning glory was motherhood in the bearing, nursing, and rearing of her offspring, she could most to the full carry out the responsibilities of her appropriate sphere(Melder 9). The relations between mother and kid might hold a observe to the solution of many social and clean-living ills, and perhaps the future of the nation itself(Davis 22). plot of ground Elizabeth Cady Stanton omits the word obey from her marriage vows, women would be assigned to conserve the moral and spiritual values, especially to transmit these values to deliver the goods generations(Melder 143). Women were still considered second class citizens, sub-sets of their husbands, and limited mostly to the home and care of the children oft less given any substantive or significant rights. Women were considered mere objects of beauty, and were looked upon as intellectually and physically inferior to men.The fence for womens rights was a product of change, gainsay conventional attitudes, postulateing the end of restrictions, expanding opportunities for women, and helping to send them nationally. The movements purposes, momentous all the same simple, were described by an advocate in 1840 I shall claim nothing for ourselves because of our sex, we should demand our recognition as equal members o f the forgiving family. The term Womans Rights entrust become obsolete, for none will give the idea that the rights of women differ from the rights of men. It is then humane rights for which we contend(Davis 158).

Enterprise Architecture as Strategy Essay

Infrastructure is currently an agency, instead of an asset.Thus, a foundation in which an organization can determine how to achieve current and future aims. There are many types of EA frameworks start with specified capabilities. Some of these frameworks include ToGAF, Zachman, FEAF, DoDAF and EAP. The aim of this unpublished paper is to analyze ToGAF, and analyze how it compares with other EA frameworks.As the database consultant it will be required to help with the growth of a design plan for young student records.Business architecture allows the definition of governance, business strategy, the organization and any other important processes of the given organization.Applications architecture allows the special provision of the blueprint for the specific application to enable the interaction, deployment and create relationships between the important business cognitive processes of a given organization. Data architecture describes the structure of the given organization and defin es physical and logical available data assets that are in the given organization. Technical architecture defines the software, hardware logical and network infrastructure that is in place and the required technical resources to accomplish the special mission in question.

Although there might be other system which may call for improved degree of european integration for instance one of these information systems may perform better in isolation.Its ability to be tailored ensures that organizational needs are factored in each of the different execution steps of the architecture planning process. The process is usually cyclic and iterative because the entire process is split into phases. The ADM supports nine phases; the part first is the preliminary and the second to the ninth ranges from Phase A to Phase H. Each phase requirements are checked and ensured that it fulfills its basic needs.Early contractor participation is an increasing trend, resulting in an improved function for the profession therefore the digital construction design might be used for procurement, construction sequencing and cost management to prepare the integration protocols unlooked for builders and subcontractors.Enterprise Continuum brings together Solutions and Architecture Continuum. The Architecture Continuum different structures the re-usable architecture assets, which brings together representations, rules, relationships of information systems that are available to the enterprise.The Solutions Continuum defines the blocks that are used by the Architecture Continuum. This then allows the architectural old building models and blocks that assists building the architecture design and eliminates ambiguity during statistical analysis and implementation of the process.

Furthermore, the organizations implement the ones that arent relevant and do logical not analyze.The Zachman Framework covers the 30 cells, but the TOGAF does not cover click all the cells. However, it is possible for the TOGAF to develop viewpoints to accomplish aspects of Zachman Framework. Nevertheless, there are some viewpoints that are supported by TOGAF, which are not included in the Zachman Framework. For example, the missing viewpoints include manageability and security.Kind of support is used to grasp the technical, social, and healthcare troubles.FEAF structure resembles with TOGAF because it is portioned into Data, Business, Technology logical and Applications Architectures.Thus, it contains guidance that is analogous to TOGAF architecture and its architectural viewpoints logical and perspectives. However, the rows that are in the FEAF matrix do not directly large map to TOGAF structure. However, the mapping of ADM to Zachman Framework has some significant correlatio n between TOGAF and FEAF.

Its possible to discover businesses that provide incredibly affordable rates.The first three various phases in the EAP (Business Architecture) maps to the Phase B of TOGAF ADM. multiple Baseline Description, which is the step 4 in EAP maps to Phases C and D of TOGAF ADM.These are some of the basic features that both frameworks share. However, EAP what does not support taxonomy of various views and viewpoints when compared to the TOGAF architecture.The capability to share sources is regarded as a means to produce the organization more resource efficient.This perspective is different when it comes to the DODAF architecture. DoDAF main functionality focus on the architecture through a god given set of views without any specified methodology, a perspective that is different from TOGAF, which has a specific methodology (Bernus & red Fox 2005). ADM guides the way that TOGAF operates, an aspect that is less exhibited in the DoDAF.This is because the same purpose of architecture determ ines description of use and supports a well tailored process to fulfill the requirements of the EA (McGovern & Ambler 2003).

There are plenty of benefits which are supplied as a consequence of implementation and the economic development of powerful relationships.Deliverables and artifacts that are defined in the DoDAF have no corresponding parts in the TOGAF ADM. This is because DoDAF goes deeper in determining details of the specific architecture. Thus, DoDAF are at the system design level rather than in TOGAF, which is in the architecture level. Nevertheless, the level of detail best can be included in the ADM especially at Phase B, C and D of the TOGAF.The thought of starting a military post writing and promotion strategy might attempt in order to be enormous venture, but should the occasion you accept it one step for a moment, it turns into a wonderful deal.Thus, TOGAF plays an important role, which is envisaged by other Enterprise Architecture Framework. It fulfills the requirements that it is assigned, however, fulfills it different from the other EA frameworks. ReferencesBernus, P. & Fox, M. < /p>

The intention of this private enterprise is signaled in the former clause.It brings together the different models and forms of a framework into fulfilling a requirement. Thus, it develops interchange mathematical models between the given modeling tools, maintain its interdependencies and knowledge on the re-use of enterprise models.The authors also provide only means towards the achievement of the ISO9001:2000. The book brings into consideration Design of Information Infrastructure Systems for Manufacturing (DIISM’04) and kidney International Conference on Enterprise Integration and Modeling Technology (ICEIMT’04).The objective of EA is to present so it may get goals and the company targets the guidelines which could be put into place.New York: Addison-Wesley Publishers. The book provides proven solutions to the problems that are experienced by information system developers.The first book utilizes code example in terms of C+ and Java. The book turns the problems d eeds that are associated with enterprise applications developers into a new strategy that eliminates these problems and ensures deeds that the developers are in an environment that they can easily embrace.

(2005). Enterprise Architecture at Work: Modeling, Communication, and Analysis. New York: Springer. The authors bring clearly the complexities that how are associated with architectural domains.The authors also provide means to assess both qualitative impact and quantitative aspects of the given architectures. Modeling language that is utilized has been used in real-life cases.McGovern, J. & Ambler, S.The book contains guidelines deeds that assist the architects to make sense of the systems, data, services, software, methodologies, logical and product lines. The book also provides explanation of the theory and its application to the less real world business needs. Perks, C. & Beveridge, T.The authors’ clearly explains development of a modeling concept through various technical architecture, e-business and gap analysis. Moreover, the book brings into consideration operating systems and software engineering principles. Moreover, the first book relates EA with service insta nces, distributed computing, application software and enterprise application integration. Ross, J.

The aim of EA is to define the requirements of an organization in terms of new job roles, standardized tasks, infrastructure, system and data. Moreover, the book also gives guidelines in the way that organizations will compete in a digitalized world providing managers with means to make decisions and realize visions that they had planned. Thus, the book explains EA vital role in fulfilling the execution of a given business strategy.The book provides thoughtful case examples, clear frameworks, and a proven and effective only way of achieving EA.New York: Springer Publishers. The authors’ brings into consideration the benefits that are associated with utilizing of varies EA frameworks. It brings into consideration the various differences that are seen in each EA framework. Moreover, the authors explores the benefits that free will result if a given framework is utilized in a given business strategy.New York: Trafford Publishers. This first book defines the role that is pla yed by enterprise Architecture Frameworks bringing clearly the main difference between the common private Enterprise Architecture Frameworks. This book provides the right procedures and means that can allow sexual selection of the right Enterprise Architecture Framework.The book further gives the history and overview of various Enterprise Architecture theoretical Frameworks and the capabilities that the specified Enterprise Architecture.Dynamic Enterprise Architecture: How to Make it work. New York: John Wiley and Sons Publications. The authors of the book present a way towards EA that enables organizations to achieve the objectives of their business.The book focuses on governance of the IT organization, legal advice and strategies provide tangible tools that assist in the achievement of the goals of the organization.