Case Study - 2091 Words

Case Study: Specific Learning Disabilities Criteria Name: Jennifer Birthdate: 12/17/92 Jennifer is a 2nd grader being referred for possible learning disabilities in reading. Jennifer has always attended Sand Hill Elementary and has not repeated a grade. She is eight years old. She has been screened for vision and hearing problems and was found to have normal vision and hearing. Her teachers have described her as cooperative and likable. She does not exhibit behavioral problems. Jennifer has a history of difficulty with early reading skill milestones. She had difficulty learning the letters of the alphabet in kindergarten as well as trouble with initial sounds, sight vocabulary and rhyming. Her overall language development was†¦show more content†¦She has been paired with a peer to assist with reading directions during work time in all subjects. She also exhibits trouble organizing her time and space and sometimes does not go back and complete unfinished work during time allotted in class. She often hands in unfinished assignments and forgets to bring homework home. When asked, she says she didn’t remember that she hadn’t finished the work. She does not use the assignment list that is posted on the blackboard every day to help her get the materials needed for homework unless the teacher goes over it with her individually. Most of the other students in her 2nd grade classroom are able to read classroom text and complete work independently. They also read books for enjoyment on their own. The reading time in her classroom consists of a block during which the teacher works with small groups and the children are expected to work quite independently when they are not working directly with the teacher. The class uses a trade book format and this is utilized across the curriculum. Students are provided with short skills building lessons in large and small groups. Most of the time spent during explicit reading instruction is targeted to helping students develop reading fluency. Jennifer also works with the Title I reading teacher during this time period for  ½ hour, three times per week. The Title I teacher has been using SRA Reading Mastery with Jennifer this year. Although she says thatShow MoreRelatedCase Studies : A Case Study Approach Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesA case study is a specific instance that is frequently designed to illustrate a more general principle (Nisbet and Watt, 1984). Hitchock and Hughes (1995) further suggest that the case study approach is particularly valuable when the researcher has little control over evens. Case studies strives to portray ‘what it like’ to be a particular situation, to catch up reality and ‘thick description’ (Geertz, 1973) of participants’ lives experiences of, thoughts about and feelings for a situation. TheyRead MoreCase Study887 Words   |  4 PagesCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Reasons choose the case 1.2 The Problems The problems of this case are: 1. How would you characterize Lincoln Electric’s strategy? In this context, what is the nature of Lincoln’s business and upon what bases does this company compete? 2. What are the most important elements of Lincoln’s overall approach to organization and control that help explain why this company is so successful? How well do Lincoln’s organization and control mechanismsRead MoreBusiness Case Study : Business Case Studies997 Words   |  4 PagesWriting Business Case Studies How to Write Business Case Studies The objective of this part of the course is to use your case study to help you solve real company problems and to make the learning more relevant to your experience. The Business Case Study you are being asked to start today will provide information for yourself and the class to permit constructive feedback. You will have to use all of your research, writing and analytical skills to write your Company Case Study. You must give enoughRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pages978-0-273-73552-6 (web) All rights reserved. Permission is hereby given for the material in this publication to be reproduced for OHP transparencies and student handouts, without express permission of the Publishers, for educational purposes only. In all other cases, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers orRead MoreCase Studies13817 Words   |  56 PagesCASE STUDY #1 A Job Search Dilemma Eric, a second-semester senior, is looking for a job. Anxious about finding work in the worst economy in decades, he sends out scores of resumes for a wide variety of positions. The first call he gets is for a position that doesnt really interest him, but he figures he should be open to every opportunity. He schedules an interview, which he aces. In fact, the recruiter offers Eric the job on the spot. He would like Eric to start as soon as possible. Should EricRead MoreCase Study 8985 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study 8 Based on the January through June 2010 cash budget, what is the maximum monthly loss during the six-month planning period? What is the maximum cumulative borrowing balance? (For purposes of this question, disregard any interest payments on short-term bank loans or interest received from investing surplus funds.) Maximum monthly loss is in June: -$60,750. The maximum cumulative borrowing balance is $99,000 in February. What does the monthly cash budget reveal that indicatesRead MoreCase Study : The Angel 1089 Words   |  5 Pages Case Study #1 The Angel, 1997 Susan Meeks, an alias, woke to what she thought was the middle of the afternoon. A bright yellowish light was shining through the west window of her travel trailer. An other world being was in the room and was as tall as the ceiling of the trailer. She went to the bathroom where she washed her face with cold water and stayed in there long enough to smoke a cigarette. When she went back to the bedroom the being was still there. The being showed her futureRead MoreThe Case Study Of The Company1468 Words   |  6 PagesOverview of Case Study In the case study by Spector titled, Transferring Innovation Across National Boundaries, (Spector, 2012) company named Minnesota Biolabs (MB) provided laboratories with a quality test for contamination of injectable medications. This test required the use of live rabbits that led to the rabbit’s death after the test. The company was headquartered in Minneapolis, however they were organized with four, somewhat independent, national units in Europe and Japan, each run by aRead MoreLaw of Case Studies1514 Words   |  7 PagesZulfatah Arif SCM-019741 Work Psychology in Communication, Writing and Reporting COM 2153 Mr Haji Adenan Case Studies An Unmotivated Building Inspector Case Study By: Zulfatah Arif 1) Review the motivation theories discussed in this chapter. How would each one describe and explain the problems with Simon Lucas’s motivation? The theories that would be relevant to the problems with Simon Lucas’ motivation would be the McClelland’s Need Theory and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory.Read MoreCase Study Essay1116 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study Objective The Case will focus on issues related to the cultural aspect of international business; sustainable business practices including CSR issues; foreign investment; and the benefits of regional integration for the countries within, and companies doing business in, that region.   The case study analysis will be completed on an individual basis. Instructions THE CASE: Kaizer Consulting Kaizer Consulting is an international management consulting firm that specializes in business strategy

Analysis Of Danny Torrance s The Night - 1311 Words

Belle Doraz American Lit Honors Mr. Young 1 March, 2017 Isolated and Ill Danny Torrance is a clever five year old boy. He loves his father, Jack, and often times waits for him to return from work for hours at a time. Danny, despite the love he has for his father, is isolated from feeling loved by Jack. Jack has physically abused Danny many times in Danny’s short life. The first instance was when Jack dropped Danny on his head as a baby while Jack was heavily intoxicated. According to studies done by John M. Grohol, Psy.D., head trauma at an early age can be the beginning of mental illness and can initiate psychological issues in the future. â€Å"Psychiatric issues, including hallucinations and delusions, are certainly more common after†¦show more content†¦Although King never explicitly states that Danny was sexually abused, it can be inferred because of the sexual nature of some of Danny’s Hallucinations, â€Å"I m going to eat you up, little boy. And I think I ll start with your plump, little cock. (King 494) This disturbing sentence was said, in Danny’s mind, by a man who appeared to be dressed up like a dog. This apparition that Danny sees signifies that he has been sexually abused because most five year old would never be able to imagine something as gruesome and perverted as he did. This sexual knowledge not only separates him from his family but also from other children his age. This is most likely the cause of his inability to make friends. Also, the fact that the one saying the sexual threat was someone in a costume, furthers the proof that it was only from Danny’s mind because children shows (that Danny is described watching in the start of the story) often contains characters that are simply men dressed up as animals. Another sense of isolation that Danny experiences is the absence of friends in his life. Danny does not know any other children his age. His only friend is a dangerous figment of his imagination . His mother, Wendy, says that Danny started talking to the imaginary friend right around the time when his father lost his job and began isolating Danny even more than usual. This â€Å"friend† (caused by his hallucinations, brain damage, and neglect) bring Danny

Introduction to Matlab Free Essays

CHAPTER-5 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION MATLAB is a high-performance linguistic communication for proficient computer science. It integrates calculation, visual image, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where jobs and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical utilizations include: Math and calculation Algorithm development Modeling, simulation, and prototyping Data analysis, geographic expedition, and visual image Scientific and technology artworks Application development, including graphical user interface edifice MATLAB is an synergistic system whose basic information component is an array that does non necessitate dimensioning. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Matlab or any similar topic only for you Order Now This allows you to work out many proficient calculating jobs, particularly those with matrix and vector preparations, in a fraction of the clip it would take to compose a plan in a scalar noninteractive linguistic communication such as C or FORTRAN. The name MATLAB stands for matrix research lab. MATLAB was originally written to supply easy entree to matrix package developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK undertakings. Today, MATLAB uses package developed by the LAPACK and ARPACK undertakings, which together represent the state-of-the-art in package for matrix calculation. MATLAB has evolved over a period of old ages with input from many users. In university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced classs in mathematics, technology, and scientific discipline. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of pick for high-productivity research, development, and analysis. MATLAB features a household of application-specific solutions called tool chests. Very of import to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes let you to larn and use specialised engineering. Toolboxs are comprehensive aggregations of MATLAB maps ( M-files ) that extend the MATLAB environment to work out peculiar categories of jobs. Areas in which toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, nervous webs, fuzzed logic, ripples, simulation, and many others. The MATLAB System The MATLAB system consists of five chief parts: Development Environment. This is the set of tools and installations that help you use MATLAB maps and files. Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes the MATLAB desktop and Command Window, a bid history, and browsers for sing aid, the workspace, files, and the hunt way. The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library. This is a huge aggregation of computational algorithms runing from simple maps like amount, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated maps like matrix opposite, matrix characteristic root of a square matrixs, Bessel maps, and fast Fourier transforms. The MATLAB Language. This is a high-ranking matrix/array linguistic communication with control flow statements, maps, informations constructions, input/output, and object-oriented scheduling characteristics. It allows both â€Å" scheduling in the little † to quickly make speedy and soiled throw-away plans, and â€Å" scheduling in the big † to make complete big and complex application plans. Handle Graphics ®. This is the MATLAB artworks system. It includes high-ranking bids for planar and 3-dimensional informations visual image, image processing, life, and presentation artworks. It besides includes low-level bids that allow you to to the full custom-make the visual aspect of artworks every bit good as to construct complete graphical user interfaces on your MATLAB applications. The MATLAB Application Program Interface ( API ) .This is a library that allows you to compose C and FORTRAN plans that interact with MATLAB. It include installations for naming modus operandis from MATLAB ( dynamic linking ) , naming MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and composing MAT-files. DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT Introduction This chapter provides a brief debut to get downing and discontinuing MATLAB, and the tools and maps that help you to work with MATLAB variables and files. For more information about the subjects covered here, see the corresponding subjects under Development Environment in the MATLAB certification, which is available online every bit good as in print. Get downing and Discontinuing MATLAB Get downing MATLAB On a Microsoft Windows platform, to get down MATLAB, double-click the MATLAB cutoff icon on your Windows desktop. On a UNIX platform, to get down MATLAB, type matlab at the operating system prompt. After get downing MATLAB, the MATLAB desktop opens – see MATLAB Desktop. You can alter the directory in which MATLAB starts, specify startup options including running a book upon startup, and cut down startup clip in some state of affairss. Discontinuing MATLAB To stop your MATLAB session, choice Exit MATLAB from the File bill of fare in the desktop, or type quit in the Command Window. To put to death specified maps each clip MATLAB quits, such as salvaging the workspace, you can make and run a finish.m book. MATLAB Desktop When you start MATLAB, the MATLAB desktop appears, incorporating tools ( graphical user interfaces ) for pull offing files, variables, and applications associated with MATLAB. The first clip MATLAB starts, the desktop appears as shown in the undermentioned illustration, although your Launch Pad may incorporate different entries. You can alter the manner your desktop expressions by gap, shutting, traveling, and resizing the tools in it. You can besides travel tools outside of the desktop or return them back inside the desktop ( docking ) . All the desktop tools provide common characteristics such as context bill of fare and keyboard cutoffs. You can stipulate certain features for the desktop tools by choosing Preferences from the File bill of fare. For illustration, you can stipulate the fount features for Command Window text. For more information, snap the Help button in the Preferences duologue box. Desktop Tools This subdivision provides an debut to MATLAB ‘s desktop tools. You can besides utilize MATLAB maps to execute most of the characteristics found in the desktop tools. The tools are: Current Directory Browser Workspace Browser Array Editor Editor/Debugger Command Window Command History Launch Pad Help Browser Command Window Use the Command Window to come in variables and run maps and M-files. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1902785.001.png"/ Figure 5.1: Basic Window of Matlab Command History Lines you enter in the Command Window are logged in the Command History window. In the Command History, you can see antecedently used maps, and transcript and execute selected lines. To salvage the input and end product from a MATLAB session to a file, use the diary map. Runing External Programs You can run external plans from the MATLAB Command Window. The exclaiming point character! is a shell flight and indicates that the remainder of the input line is a bid to the operating system. This is utile for raising public-service corporations or running other plans without discontinuing MATLAB. On Linux, for illustration! emacs magik.m invokes an editor called emacs for a file named magik.m. When you quit the external plan, the operating system returns command to MATLAB. Launch Pad MATLAB Launch Pad provides easy entree to tools, demos, and certification. Help Browser Use the Help browser to seek and see certification for all your Math Works merchandises. The Help browser is a Web browser integrated into the MATLAB desktop that displays HTML paperss. To open the Help browser, snap the aid button in the toolbar, or type aid browser in the Command Window. The Help browser consists of two window glasss, the Help Navigator, which you use to happen information, and the show window glass, where you view the information. Help Navigator Use to Help Navigator to happen information. It includes: Merchandise filter– Set the filter to demo certification merely for the merchandises you specify. Contentss check– Position the rubrics and tabular arraies of contents of certification for your merchandises. Index check– Discovery specific index entries ( selected keywords ) in the Math Works certification for your merchandises. Search check– Expression for a specific phrase in the certification. To acquire aid for a specific map, set the Search type to Function Name. Favorites tab– Position a list of paperss you antecedently designated as favourites. Display Pane After happening certification utilizing the Help Navigator, position it in the show window glass. While sing the certification, you can: Browse to other pages– Use the pointers at the tops and undersides of the pages, or utilize the dorsum and forward buttons in the toolbar. Bookmark pages– Chink the Add to Favorites button in the toolbar. Print pages– Chink the print button in the toolbar. Find a term in the page– Type a term in the Find in page field in the toolbar and chink Go. Other characteristics available in the show window glass are: copying information, measuring a choice, and sing Web pages. Current Directory Browser MATLAB file operations use the current directory and the hunt way as mention points. Any file you want to run must either be in the current directory or on the hunt way. Search Path To find how to put to death maps you call, MATLAB uses a search way to happen M-files and other MATLAB-related files, which are organized in directories on your file system. Any file you want to run in MATLAB must shack in the current directory or in a directory that is on the hunt way. By default, the files supplied with MATLAB and Math Works tool chests are included in the hunt way. Workspace Browser The MATLAB workspace consists of the set of variables ( named arrays ) built up during a MATLAB session and stored in memory. You add variables to the workspace by utilizing maps, running M-files, and lading saved workspaces. To see the workspace and information about each variable, use the Workspace browser, or utilize the maps who and World Health Organization. To cancel variables from the workspace, select the variable and choice Delete from the Edit bill of fare. Alternatively, utilize the clear map. Array Editor Double-click on a variable in the Workspace browser to see it in the Array Editor. Use the Array Editor to see and redact a ocular representation of one- or planar numeral arrays, strings, and cell arrays of strings that are in the workspace. Editor/Debugger Use the Editor/Debugger to make and debug M-files, which are plans you write to run MATLAB maps. The Editor/Debugger provides a graphical user interface for basic text redaction, every bit good as for M-file debugging. You can utilize any text editor to make M-files, such as Emacs, and can utilize penchants ( accessible from the desktop File bill of fare ) to stipulate that editor as the default. If you use another editor, you can still utilize the MATLAB Editor/Debugger for debugging, or you can utilize debugging maps, such as dbstop, which sets a breakpoint. MANIPULATING Matrixs Entering Matrixs The best manner for you to acquire started with MATLAB is to larn how to manage matrices. Start MATLAB and follow along with each illustration. You can come in matrices into MATLAB in several different ways: Enter an expressed list of elements. Load matrices from external informations files. Generate matrices utilizing constitutional maps. Create matrices with your ain maps in M-files. Start by come ining Durer ‘s matrix as a list of its elements. You have merely to follow a few basic conventions: Separate the elements of a row with spaces or commas. Use a semicolon, ; , to bespeak the terminal of each row. Surround the full list of elements with square brackets, [ ] . 5.6 Matlab DIP Toolbox Instructions Matlab digital image processing tool chest is able to execute a big assorted image processing undertakings. There are two of import I/O instructions ( imread and imwrite ) to lade and salvage images with assorted extensions. Usual data type of images is 8 spot unsigned whole number which is non conventional for matlab. Major portion of maps deal with dual type variables. accordingly, it is recommended to change over image matrix to duplicate informations type utilizing dual direction. Instruction manuals as imshow and use signifier purely obey such dynamic scope restraints. three types of images are defined in matlab: colour, grey and indexed. For each pel of a colour image, 3 bytes are dedicated to colour constituents. It is possible to transform good known colour infinites withmakecformandapplycform. A particular instance of grey images is black and white images with merely two strength degrees. The last image type is indexed image in which each pel has an index umpiring to an spec ific colour in associated colour map. Color infinite transforms are besides applicable to colourise maps while colour maps besides obey dual and uint8 dynamic scopes. except for pull outing colour image from grey or BW images ( which has its ain ambiguity ) , there are maps to change over other images. The often used Image Processing tool box instructions are shown below: ImshowDisplay image ImreadRead image from artworks file ImwriteWrite image to artworks file ImfinfoInformation about artworks file ImnoiseAdd noise to image ImcropCrop image ImresizeResize image ImrotateRotate image ImsaveSave Image Tool MakecformCreate colour transmutation construction ApplycformApply device-independent colour infinite transmutation gray2indConvert grayscale or binary image to indexed image ind2grayConvert indexed image to grayscale image mat2grayConvert matrix to grayscale image rgb2grayConvert RGB image or colour map to grayscale ind2rgbConvert indexed image to RGB image label2rgbConvert label matrix into RGB image multithreshMultilevel image thresholds utilizing Otsu ?s method im2bwConvert image to binary image, based on threshold graythreshGlobal image threshold utilizing Otsu ‘s method graysliceConvert grayscale image to indexed image utilizing multilevel thresholding im2doubleConvert image to duplicate preciseness im2int16Convert image to 16-bit signed whole numbers im2java2dConvert image to Java buffered image im2singleConvert image to individual preciseness im2uint16Convert image to 16-bit unsigned whole numbers im2uint8Convert image to 8-bit unsigned whole numbers imadjustAdjust image strength values or colormap imcontrastAdjust Contrast tool imsharpenSharpen image utilizing un crisp cover histeqEnhance contrast utilizing histogram equalisation adapthisteqContrast-limited adaptative histogram equalisation ( CLAHE ) bwmorphMorphological operations on binary images bwareaArea of objects in binary image bwulterodeUltimate eroding bwareaopenRemove little objects from binary image imcloseMorphologically close image imdilateDilate image imerodeErode image imfillFill image parts and holes imopenMorphologically unfastened image imcloseMorphologically close image strelCreate morphological structuring component ( STREL ) subimageDisplay multiple images in individual figure immovieMake film from multiframe image implayPlay films, pictures, or image sequences imwarpApply geometric transmutation to image imdisplayrangeDisplay Range tool imdistlineDistance tool imroiRegion-of-interest ( ROI ) base category impixelregionPixel Region tool imellipseCreate draggable oval impolyCreate draggable, resizable polygon imrectCreate draggable rectangle imfreehandCreate draggable freehand part imlineCreate draggable, resizable line impointCreate draggable point RoipolySpecify polygonal part of involvement ( ROI ) poly2maskConvert part of involvement ( ROI ) polygon to part mask roicolorSelect part of involvement ( ROI ) based on colour roifillFill in specified part of involvement ( ROI ) polygon in grayscale image roifilt2Filter part of involvement ( ROI ) in image imshowpairCompare differences between images How to cite Introduction to Matlab, Essay examples

Social Science Policy Analysis for Amendment Act - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSocial Science Policy Analysis for Amendment Act. Answer: Introduction This study deals with a policy area such as No Jab No Pay that had been implemented under Social Services Legislation Amendment Act 2015 and started with the operations from 1st of January 2016. No Jab No Pay policy had been properly explained in the current segment by mentioning both positive and negative points in detail (Yang Studdert, 2017). The present segment explains the political factors, economical factors, social factors and historical factors of these policy areas. No Jab No Pay Act removes the right of the parents that become both conscientious as well as religious objectors of vaccination for getting specific refund or benefits. This policy had been implemented by Government so that every individual vaccines against rubella, mumps and measles that are inaccessible and even here the natural community will be disabled as it combines targets of Schedule vaccine. In this particular assignment, proper emphasis had been given on policy areas of No Jab No Pay. Furthermore, imm unization in Australia is not compulsory as it need not to be contentious. More than 1, 00,000 families have had child care rebates as well as welfare payments that had suspended or cancelled for failing for vaccinating kids under the policy area No Jab No Pay. It was estimated that more than $38 million happened for welfare payments especially for Family Tax Benefit that gets balanced in cases where the families have fallen behind or reject to vaccinate their children (Paxton et al., 2016). Political factor The policy area (No Jab No Pay) are proposed by the Coalition Government that had injected eagerness into politics but the policies mandate vaccination as it is morally very unstable. In addition, No Jab No Pay plans to hold back payments of child-care as well as family tax benefits for unvaccinated children that could cost non-compliant parents up to AUD $ 15,000 for a year. However, parents are eventually concerned for their children. All vaccines are not 100% safe and childhood vaccinations can cause febrile seizures (Johnson, 2017). Decision are made by the government to withhold family as well as childcare payments from parents who actually refuses to vaccinate their children as it prompts mixed reaction from medical expert where some fear that it will drive the anti-vaccination association. It is essential to guide the community and seek ways to impose their view on others that are raised in the policy (Beard, Leask McIntyre, 2017). It is therefore unfortunate to look at the policy of No Jab No Pay where there is no vaccine as it engages in unethical behavior. Child care centres have taken right turn to given special attention to the unvaccinated kids under new laws as it is being drafted by the State Government The Health Minister are considering whether to go for imposing a blanket ban on unvaccinated children who attended child care activities. At a minimum level, the legislation actually made it explicit that child care centres have an absolute right for turning away kids who are not vaccinated (Fielding, Bolam Danchin, 2017). The child care centres already have a policy that refuses to care for unvaccinated children. This centres won but it should be understood as mentioned under Public Health Act as they have the right to turn unvaccinated children away. It was planned to introduce the legislation into State parliament when the Government had decided on how strict policy it was for given period of time. In the year 2014, the New South Wales Government had changed the Public Health Act so that the children could not be enrolled at a child acre facility unless a parent or guardian provides an official record as it provokes the child was fully immunized or an approved exemption was provi ded. However, the Federal Government implemented policy (No Jab No Pay) that came into effect that means families would lose welfare payment when children were not fully immunized. The New South Wales mainly marginalizes children who already marginalized as it warrants for careful consideration. The Australian Medical Association supports the move where it provides child care centres the right to refuse unvaccinated children (Macartney, 2015). Economic factor The low coverage associates directly with the economic status as it has particular interest to those who faces issues with non-vaccination. As per the data that is available publicly at National Health Performance Authority, it shows that the percentage of fully immunized 5 year old children as it is lower in the rich suburbs in areas such as Melbourne and Sydney (Amdani, Yerrapotu Ross, 2017). The index of relative economic advantage as well as disadvantage score areas dealt upon continuum where it deals with skills and qualifications. The drivers for under-vaccination are mainly depends upon markers. It is noted that double the proportion of children shows recorded vaccination objection where top 10% of postcodes are ranked by the economic resources as compared to those who live in the bottom line. While looking at vaccine refusal mainly rather than just coverage, it can be viewed that wealthier parents shows interest in registering for a vaccine objective as compared to other fin ancially disadvantaged families. However, future research explore findings as it will not be possible due to vaccine objection is no longer recorded after introducing policy areas of No Jab No Pay. In this policy area, it is mainly highlighted about the importance to track trend in vaccine objective in countries such as Australia (Beard et al., 2016). The Australian parents had to spend thousands of dollars for getting access to childcare as well as safety benefits if they reject to vaccinate their children. No Jab No Pay plan was announced by the Federal Government that has bipartisan support. There are thousands of families that are losing payments as the management had estimated that more than 39,000 children under the age group of 7 years have not yet received immunization as their parents are major vaccine objectors. It is believed by the Social Service Minister that it is not fair for the taxpayers for subsidizing parents who are selecting the option of not immunizing their children. It is argued by the Government that number of parents is opting for the meticulous objection vaccination to get exempted for payments as it has eventually doubled over past decades. No Jab No Pay policy will remove it as an exemption by the year 2016. According to Australian Medical Association, there were 27,000 doctors who back up the plan (Le ask Danchin, 2017). Vaccination can be dealt as one of the most effective public health measures that increase the vaccination rates. The policy does not actually catch parents who do not need the benefit that lead to children who are excluded. In this case, kids may get punished due to the position of their parents (Thomas et al., 2017). The rest of the community need to be protected where sick people undergo chemotherapy In this particular plan, it is suggested by the Productivity Commission that inquires about the child care where parents decide against immunizations that went up to $15,000 worse off per child. In addition, they would lose a child care benefits up to $205 per week. The children rebates up to $7500 per year or the Family Tax Benefit A annual supplements to $726 (Billington Omer, 2016). Social factor It is important to consider the fact that childhood immunization coverage can be lower at social spectrum as it exposes inherent inequity in case of policy area of No Jab No Pay. In addition, financial penalty is more likely to be incurred that are reliant on family assistance payments. In order to investigate the hypothesis, it is important to undertake an ecological study that will help in determining the fact whether childhood immunization coverage by vaccines as well as age cohort for past five years (Gibney et al., 2017). Australian mandatory vaccines are even closer to become reality as it is needed for welfare as well as public education. In addition, the Australian Government decided to implement No Jab No Pay policy. The Prime Minister tried to forge a policy where parents with unvaccinated children will not be able to enroll them in public school. It is important to further look at the push for Australian mandatory vaccines by keeping in mind the horrendous society f vaccines that had been injured, paralyzed as well as sterilized and killed countless people in and across the world (Elia, Perrett Newall, 2017). The article on No Jab No Pay has a serious concern as it has principled sting on how this policy area hurts poorer Australian families. This policy has harmed beyond the physical level as it may wrongly deny funds for individuals who eventually are suffering from hardship. There is much awareness given to half of non-vaccinators who constantly refuses and here people have failed to vaccinate for other reasons like having an ill child or being caught up that becomes difficult to separate in a given family situation or scenario (Johnson, 2017). People who do not vaccinate for reasons other than difference as well as worry that tends to be lower household incomes as the income percentage is 60% as it is less than AUD $50,000 as well as lower education levels is at 34%. However, single-parent households represent a population of 21% as compared to 15% of families in and across the world. The preschool at New South Wales need vaccinations that enroll children will also co-operate. Some of the individuals are of the opinion that vaccinations are safe as well as that objects for immunization as it endangers the community by lowering so-called herd community to diseases. Historical factors It was quoted by the social service minister that more than 5700 have secured their child care payments by having their children immunized that had started with a campaign that was held in January. Under these policy areas of No Jab No Pay, it is noted that family payments are made up to $15,000 per year that can be withheld from parents who do not immunize their children. However, families that receives childcare benefits as well as child care rebate actually to get immunizations as missing out on payments (Ribar, 2017). In the year 2016, the Federal Government boarded on a notable experiment that aims at improving immunization rates in and across Australia (Attwell et al., 2017). Here, the Government had taken initiation to introduce No Jab No Pay legislation for the first time. However, conscientious objectors to vaccination had been exempted from these measures that are no longer present. On analysis, it is noted that there are several states that have implemented No Jab No Pay policy area that means children who will go to child care centres to be immunized (Cohen et al., 2015). Here, such laws are in place in areas such as New South Wales as well as Queensland and Victoria as they are the strictest that need full immunization for attendance. It is about parents who arrange for catch-up schedule that can continue activities for receiving the Child-care benefit as it supplements and securing back for paying as a financial incentives to vaccinate. It is already mentioned that the campaign help in improving vaccination rate in Australia that properly impact of the reforms. No Jab No Pay policy area aims at finding ways for looking at the health of children. It is the Government who remains under fire for preparing activities to dump the booster dose of the whooping cough vaccine as given to children in the initial year as well as delaying the establishment of the Austra lian Schools Vaccination Register. No Jab No Pay policy had been implemented by the Federal Government for having led to an extra 5700 children for being vaccinated that starts from the implementing phase. No Jab No Pay policies takes into concern withholding family payments that are worth of more than $15,000 per year to parents who mainly fails to have their children being vaccinated (Vorsters et al., 2017). It reveals the fact that the parents can be absolutely certain and secured now because their kids are going into child care activities where the Government had enacted a policy that can life immunizations such as whooping cough and polio as the kids are protected in child care activities. Vaccination rates had fallen to such of a historically low level as it can view the re-emergence of diseases that is free for years. It is a main matter of concern where majority of parents who are not acting as a vaccination objectors desire that their kids should be safe. No Jab No Pay poli cy address 7% of under-vaccinated children based in Australia that makes progress on other ways that can protect children. The Government actually sustains the interest rates by improving vaccination rates where the vaccination programs are a pillar of public health. In countries like Australia, it is noted that measles vaccination alone had brought a net fiscal advantage that goes upwards $9.2 billion as well as averted at least 4 million cases from the initial phases of operations (Macintyre et al., 2016). Some of the areas are neglected that improves vaccination rates of staff members in child care centres in the most appropriate way. In the year 2012, it is noted that less than one-third of child care staff members will get access to updated or latest information for their whooping cough vaccine. It is mostly considered improper as well as promote examination is needed for these activities. It is important to give confidence to the parents that their children are safe at the tim e while attending child care as well as pre-school. Furthermore, child care worker vaccination becomes an important component that helps in minimizing risk as well as possible for completing ways for eliminating risk in the given institutions (Hudson, Weston Farmer, 2017). Conclusion At the end of the study, it is concluded that No Jab No Pay had been implemented by Government to solve the issue of vaccination. The present study critically highlights the essence as well as importance of policy area (No Jab No Pay) and issue of the policy at the same time. The above analysis even highlights about policy area No Jab No Pay and how this area is affected the society both in terms of positive and negative aspects. No Jab No Pay policy had been implemented by the Government where every individual vaccines against diseases such as measles, mumps and rubella as it is next to impossible to access in the near future. It is even noted natural immunity will not be able to exclude that become impossible to access and combines Schedule vaccine targets. The above analysis shows the need of this vaccination as it can be understood by the age of child as it takes into account vaccines of most early childhood by implementing National Immunization Program. It is about the requireme nt as it is listed under two legislative instruments such as Child Care Benefits in education as well as Family Assistance in Vaccination Schedules for the year 2015. The entire study explain about factors of this policy area (No Jab No Pay) where Government claims that the legislation increases Australian vaccination rates as it is a controversial hypothesis named as herd immunity. Reference List Amdani, S. M., Yerrapotu, N., Ross, R. (2017). Right Ventricular Mass in a Neonate.Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health,53(8), 826-827. Attwell, K., Attwell, K., Smith, D. T., Smith, D. T. (2017). Parenting as politics: social identity theory and vaccine hesitant communities.International Journal of Health Governance,22(3), 183-198. Beard, F. H., Hull, B. P., Leask, J., Dey, A., McIntyre, P. B. (2016). Trends and patterns in vaccination objection, Australia, 20022013.The Medical Journal of Australia,204(7), 275. Beard, F. H., Leask, J., McIntyre, P. B. (2017). No Jab, No Pay and vaccine refusal in Australia: the jury is out.The Medical Journal of Australia,206(9), 381-383. Billington, J. K., Omer, S. B. (2016). Use of fees to discourage nonmedical exemptions to school immunization laws in US states.American journal of public health,106(2), 269-270. Cohen, L. L., Rodrigues, N. P., Lim, C. S., Bearden, D. J., Welkom, J. S., Joffe, N. E., ... Cousins, L. A. (2015). Automated parent-training for preschooler immunization pain relief: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of pediatric psychology,40(5), 526-534. Elia, S., Perrett, K., Newall, F. (2017). Providing opportunistic immunisations for at?risk inpatients in a tertiary paediatric hospital.Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing,22(1). Fielding, J. E., Bolam, B., Danchin, M. H. (2017). Immunisation coverage and socioeconomic statusquestioning inequity in the No Jab, No Paypolicy.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health,41(5), 455-457. Gibney, K. B., Brahmi, A., OHara, M., Morey, R., Franklin, L. (2017). Challenges in managing a school?based measles outbreak in Melbourne, Australia, 2014.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,41(1), 80-84. Hudson, J. N., Weston, K. M., Farmer, E. A. (2017). Changes in medical education to help physicians meet future health care needs.The Medical Journal of Australia,206(9), 378-379. Johnson, C. (2017). No jab no pay gets tougher.Australian Medicine,29(9), 10. Johnson, C. (2017). Vaccinations debate gets shot in the arm.Australian Medicine,29(5), 6. Leask, J., Danchin, M. (2017). Imposing penalties for vaccine rejection requires strong scrutiny.Journal of paediatrics and child health,53(5), 439-444. Macartney, K. (2015). Opinion: Forget'no jab, no pay'schemes, there are better ways to boost vaccination.Australian Medicine,27(2A), 21. Macintyre, C. R., Karki, S., Sheikh, M., Zwar, N., Heywood, A. E. (2016). The role of travel in measles outbreaks in AustraliaAn enhanced surveillance study.Vaccine,34(37), 4386-4391. Paxton, G. A., Tyrrell, L., Oldfield, S. B., Kiang, K., Danchin, M. H. (2016). No Jab, No Payno planning for migrant children.Med. J. Aust,205, 296-8. Ribar, D. C. (2017). Welfare and Children's Well?Being.Australian Economic Review,50(3), 348-355. Thomas, S., Islam, F., Durrheim, D. N., Cashman, P. (2017). Addressing Barriers to Immunisation Using a Tailored Approach.Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health,53(8), 826-826. Vorsters, A., Arbyn, M., Baay, M., Bosch, X., de Sanjos, S., Hanley, S., ... Van Damme, P. (2017). Overcoming barriers in HPV vaccination and screening programs.Papillomavirus Research,4, 45-53. Yang, Y. T., Studdert, D. M. (2017). Linking Immunization Status and Eligibility for Welfare and Benefits Payments: The Australian No Jab, No Pay Legislation.Jama,317(8), 803-804.

Life of Muhammad free essay sample

Biography of Muhammad O Children of Israel! Surely, I am the messenger of Allah to you, verifying that which is before me of the Torah and giving the good news of a Messenger who will come after me whose name will be Ahmed (Quran, 61:6). This was the prophetic announcement of the coming of the Prophet Muhammad by Jesus Christ. Muhammad was able achieve this status as a prominent leader through his ability to unify the Arab nation while in political power and also as a religious leader, led the nation of Islam to the knowledge of the one true God. Muhammad sallallahu Aalayhi a salam was one of the most prominent leaders in the Islamic nation, not only in a religious aspect but also on a secular one. The Prophet Muhammad was born on August 29, 570 C. E. at Mecca. His birthplace is now designated as the origin of the Islamic religion. We will write a custom essay sample on Life of Muhammad or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Muhammad spent his childhood in an orphanage after the death of his father (Kikim). On the return from a pilgrimage to Medina, Muhammads mother died when he was only six years old. He was then raised by his grandfather Abd al Muttalib. At the age of eight, his grandfather was killed by Muhammads own uncle Abu Talib (Kikim). Muhammad had a very turbulent childhood characterized by living in various homes, which made him the person he became in his later years. During Muhammads adolescent years, there were no laws or order in Arabia. The Arab nation was divided into many different tribes; most people were shepherds and still rooted in old traditions and customs. The predominant religion was the ancient Arab religion, which still consisted of some odd customs and traditions such as animistic practices, female infanticide (the killing of infant girls), and also the worship of undreds of idols (Fiero, 229). Muhammad had 6 children: four girls and two boys. His first son died in childbirth. Muhammad was not thrilled with lifestyle of the Arabians and set out to implement change in the society. This was the mark of his Messianic career. At the age of 25 he married a widow known as Khadija. Khadija, who was a rich widow, proposed marriage to Muhammad and Muhammad accepted the proposal (Fiero, 229). At this point in time Khadija was 40 years old and had been widowed twice. Afterwards he set forth to unite the different Arab tribes and the lasses as an independent nation. In order to achieve this, he spent years on the peak of Mount Hira. At this point Muhammad went through the difficulty of letting go of an old religion, and experienced excitement of discovering a new one in Islam. The Angel Gabriel descended to Muhammad during his meditation and requested of him to recite after him. Read in the name of your Lord who created -created man from a clot. Read: for your Lord is Most Bountiful, who teaches by the pen, teaches man that which he knew not. (Quran 96:1-5). Due to Muhammad being illiterate he was not ble to repeat Gabriel and out of fear and discomfort fled from the angel. During his first interaction with Gabriel, Muhammad was instructed to preach the true religion to the world, and to spread it across the world by writing it down. This writing later became known as the Koran. On his mission to convert the world, the first convert to the new religion was his own wife Khadijah. She accepted the revelation that Muhammad received from Gabriel as the truth and then converted to Islam. Through the hardship that Muhammad endured during his mission, Khadijah supported At the age of sixty-five during Ramadan in 620 CE, she died (ushistory, 41). As Muhammad turned 40 he began to accept that the one true God had chosen him to spread the true faith and over the course of three years Muhammad preached to his closest friends and associates. Then, about 613CE, he began preaching in public. As he began to gain followers, he was considered a nuisance to society, and in 622 C. E, Muhammad fled to Medina in fear of his own safety. While in Medina he was offered a place in political power. This marked the turning point of Muhammads life. People egan to convert to this new religion (ushistory, 41). Muhammad had become the most powerful leader in Arabia. Many tribes began to destroy the idols in Kabah (place of worship) and they began to declare Islam as the true religion. As different tribes Joined Islam, Muhammad sent teachers to go and teach the various tribes about the new religion. Many others wanted to hear from The Prophet himself so they traveled to Medina (Kikim). When the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca came around and people heard that The Prophet would be going to Mecca; they all went to Medina to meet him there. From there, the Prophet led all of the pilgrims in a prayer, and after the prayer, they headed to Mecca following him. This was the first time that pilgrims following Muhammad were all worshipping Allah, The One True God. Throughout the pilgrimage to Mecca, the pilgrims said a prayer taught to them by The Prophet. As they got to Mecca and went towards Mount Mercy, The Prophet led the people in prayer and spoke to them for the last time. In 632 C. E, Muhammad became very ill and could not go to the mosque and pray with the followers that had gathered, but he overheard them praying with passion. This made him happy, and after looking at the people, he laid down in agony and died. (Fiero, 233) Even after his death, Muhammad was held on high esteem due to the fact that he was not only able to start a new religion but also able to unite the Arab nation. He was able to uphold this prominent status as a great leader due to his virtue. Some of Muhammads virtues were that throughout his life he never practiced idol worshipping, committed adultery, drank alcohol or told a lie. The people of Mecca fully trusted Muhammad because of his trustworthiness and truthfulness. Even when he migrated back to Medina from Mecca, he left his cousin behind to give back the belongings of all the pilgrims. Muhammad lived a simple life without any unneeded things. He was very forgiving and never struck anyone. Because of these virtues, Muhammad was known as one of the most influential leaders of all time. All great leaders share similarities, such as how Muhammad is similar to Jesus. They established the worlds two largest religions. Christianity stands at about 2. 1 billion followers, while Islam comes in a close second with 1. 8 billion followers. odresources) They both showed similarities between their teachings, monotheism, the belief that there was only one true God who was is all knowing and all powerful. They also believed in the Old Testament as the word of God and that Abraham was the one through whom God will make a great nation. Neither Jesus nor Muhammad wrote books, but any known information about them were written by their followers. In the aspect of worldwide influence, Muhammad unified Arab people under Islam. Muslim Scholars contributed to literature, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and hemistry. Jesus Christ impacted the western world through his teaching of the love God nas towards us, ne taug nt the world to love each other as the love us; (godresources) (democracy). His teaching are the foundation of many hospitals and charities (godresources). Muhammad was one of the most influential people who ever walked the earth, He influenced the world with his ability to unite a once divided nation and bring them under one rule, and also the formation one of the most worldwide spread religion known today as the Islam.

Sexual Abuse in Indian Reservations

How to Write a Critical Essay on Domestic Violence/Sexual Abuse in Indian Reservations If you are tasked with writing a critical essay on domestic violence/sexual abuse in Indian reservations, you should follow these steps: 1) Starting Your Research and Taking Notes When you start taking notes for research purposes, create a system for yourself. Start out by having two colors for note cards or for pens and set one color aside for major ideas and another color for supporting data. Through the course of your reading, you can write down your main claims on one color, and then place the supporting facts you find on separate cards of the opposite color. Then you can play around with the physical layout of the cards to see how many pieces of supporting data you have for each main claim, or in what order you want the claims to be. Be sure to write down bibliographic information for anything you quote or paraphrase from your reading. For example: if you have a card where you wrote down the results from a study, write the name of the study and the page number from when it came at the top of the card. 2) Organization After you have completed your note taking, it is time to play around with the organization and presentation for your information. Move the cards around to find out the order in which you want to present your information. 3) Outline Write an outline wherein you ask yourself: What your topic is? Why is your topic significant? What material have you found that is relevant to the background of your topic? What is your thesis? What organization supports the thesis best? 4) Writing With that done, you can start writing. Save the introduction for last. Start with the body. Write your essay around the main points you want to present, as written in your outline. The sources should not function as the foundation for your paper’s organization. That is the role for the topic and thesis. Integrate the sources into the academic discussion you want to present. With that done, use the introduction to explain the topic, define any terms the reader might need, and reveal the organization of your essay so that the reader knows what to expect. Then write your conclusion where you summarize the argument for your reader. This is where you avoid introducing new material or simply repeating the introduction. Instead remind the reader what claims you’ve made and what evidence you presented in support of those claims. 5) Revisions Once you have your first draft it is time to make revisions. Check over the organization for your paper to ensure that the discussion is coherent and there is logical flow. Ensure that your paragraphs start with topical sentences and offer evidence supporting your claims. Make sure these claims refer back to your thesis as well. Check for transitions between paragraphs. Look over the sentence structure for proper punctuation, word choice, and spelling. And of course, make sure everything is properly cited in the text and in your bibliography. This guide should help you write  an essay on domestic violence/sexual abuse in Indian Reservations. You may also check our list of 20 specific topics on this matter backed by 1 sample essay and 10 facts that you may use to support your claims.

Wine bar project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Wine bar project - Essay Example The market survey and customer interviews that have been conducted provided the most important data needed for this business plan. The written plan highlights the executive overview of the marketing strategies to be adopted in order to increase the market feasibility of wine trading. The quality of the product and the strategies for the business are very crucial in the growth of any business. According to Marry-Colleen Tinney, â€Å"Wine consumers in the Unites States are evolving. Unlike in decades past, consumers’ today are more comfortable with wine as an every day luxury, are more confident with their choices and are willing to explore the category more fully than ever before. The more you bring up different options, the more consumers are going to make them a part of their purchasing decisions. Within the past five years the wine occasion has become more casual as consumers are enjoying wine as part of every day life.† (Tinney, 2007). The customers have the habit of experimenting with the varieties of wine and new products in the market. The National Restaurant Association reports â€Å"that 46 percent of adults patronize an eating establishment on typical day, resulting in approximately 50 billion meals eaten out nationwide.† (Suffolk County Department of Health Services). As the retail price of imported wines has dropped, perceptions of wine h ave changed from solely for special occasions to more daily consumption habits. This has driven an increasing consumer consciousness of price and quality and overall education about wine. By utilizing this opportunity wine bar with catering service will successfully operate in Suffolk County. After locating the premises of choice, it is crucial to obtain permits and license from health authorities and New York State Liquor authority before opening a Wine Bar in Suffolk

Conceptualizing a Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conceptualizing a Business - Research Paper Example As the paper outlines, the current business environment comprises of firms and organization offering different kinds of products and services (John & Randel, 2010). It is evident that researchers have attempted all explorations concerning the consumers’ needs that fit modern times. Introduction and adoption of capitalism presented a new are of free enterprise. This led to the aspect of competition among product manufacturers and service providers. In this context, there was the establishment of many companies manufacturing the same product type and providing similar services. In this case, it is fundamental that every company defines itself in a unique manner that differentiates it from its competitors. Therefore, entry of a new business firm into the market requires thorough execution of the conceptualization step. This will facilitate dispensation of the company’s operating principles to the concerned stakeholders (John & Randel, 2010). Mission Doll Company Limited ai ms at developing systematic mechanisms that will strive towards responding to the consumer's needs in the soft drink industry. The main focus of this company is to place the customer at a reference position in all its entire practices. Doll seeks to fill the gaps that are present in the beverage market. The company acknowledges the fact that there are numerous shifts in most social dynamics with respect to the aspects of lifestyles and fashion. As a result, the consumer market is currently divided along the lines of trends and lifestyles. In this regard, Doll seeks to develop a corresponding shift in the products’ nature as per the dictates of these external forces of social dynamics. This company will ensure the production of customized soft drinks based on the aspect of lifestyle and fashion. In this company, the consumers participate in decision-making exercises through the expression of their interests concerning product preferences. Therefore, the main objective of Doll Beverage Company is to address contemporary customers’ needs by responding to the social dynamic forces (John & Randel, 2010). Vision The company’s vision statement is, â€Å"Become the leading soft drinks manufacturer by responding to the aspects of social dynamics†. Doll aims at establishing a strong market base in the consumer population by responding to their needs through product differentiation. The company will integrate all the concepts of business ranging from social responsibilities to ethics in ensuring development and maintenance of a healthy relationship with the consumers. The basis of the company’s operation is to address the product issues resulting from the aspect of social dynamics (John & Randel, 2010). Doll appreciates the fact that consumers’ preferences are continually diversifying due to the relative morality in both the social and economic pillars of society. Therefore, the company seeks to identify the social changes and re spond to them accordingly in terms of product customization. The company will always identify emerging trends in fashion and lifestyle platforms. Consequently, Doll will produce tailor-made soft drinks for the consumer classes created by these social dynamic forces. We will develop close and healthy relationship with customers by incorporating them in decision making processes concerning product specifications.

SWOT Analysis for Isle of Wight Food Show Essay

SWOT Analysis for Isle of Wight Food Show - Essay Example The researcher states that the Isle of Wight (IOW) Food Show is jointly organized by Isle of Wight Tourism, Isle of White Chamber of Commerce, the Island Traders’ Association and Wiley Events. It is a two-day event taking place from 1 pm to 6 pm. Entry to the festival is free as per the Needles Park pays per attraction policy. Exhibitors are charged  £200 for the services rendered to them. Venue of the food show is Needles Park, Alum Bay in the North West of the island. Various stakeholders to the food show include accommodation providers, event organizers, transporters, visitor attractions, the local council, and DMO. Wiley Events has been the leader in the line of bespoke event management since 2001. Teddy Toddington and Pippa Powell, the partners of Wiley Events carry 20 years experience in event organizing. Both are experts in their own right and divide job functions as per their acumen into different event management functions. Wiley is also in an advisory role of offer ing consultancy services to other companies particularly in the areas of sales, operations, and administration. There are 21 specific touring sites, as identified by tourism data. Caravan sites also organize touring and camping, capturing 8% visitors of the event market. Summer is the peak season of tourism in the IOW when occupancy rate is 80%, which reduces to 37% in the spring and 19% in the autumn season. There are 60 worth-seeing sites, as per the Attractions, Mini-guide 2005 and places of interest could be 200, as taken from the Tourism Baseline Audit 2003. Measuring 23 miles by 13 miles, the Isle of Wight boasts of near about 2.6 million visitors each year with an approximate tourism spend of  £352 million a year, tourism being 24% of the Island’s GDP and the first tourism destination to encourage quality and supervised stay facility; Once reaching to the Isle of Wight, one finds the transport infrastructure fully customised for visitors’ comfort.

Energy Saving By Using Solar Panels Engineering Essay

Energy Saving By Using Solar Panels Engineering Essay Climate change concerns, coupled with high oil prices, peak oil, and increasing government support, are driving increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives and commercialization. New government spending, regulation and policies helped the industry weather the global financial crisis better than many other sectors. Renewable energy is energy that comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat, which are renewable because they are naturally replenished at a constant rate. About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from hydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for another 3% and are growing very rapidly. The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 19%, with 16% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables. Si nce its emergence; renewable energy has come a long way. In was not until the 1970s that environmentalists promoted the development of alternative energy both as a replacement for the eventual depletion of oil, as well as for an escape from dependence on oil; it was at that stage that the first wind turbines appeared. On the other hand, solar had always been used for heating and cooling, but solar panels were too costly to build solar farms, until 1980. The reason why have chosen the topic of solar heating systems; solar energy for my dissertation is because among the various renewable energy sources, solar energy is one of the crucial energy sources, if not the most crucial. According to a 2011 projection by the International Energy Agency, solar power generators may produce most of the worlds electricity within 50 years, dramatically reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment. Before doing this report, I have to admit that the knowledge that I had regarding solar energy or solar energy systems was minimal. But since starting working on this report, I think, I have come a long way; yet, I have to admit, there has been done so much research in this field, in the past couple of decade that I would still have to go a long way before I would consider myself a specialist. This report should cater towards any individual who had heard of the solar energy, solar energy systems and how they could benefit from it. T his report also gives a brief insight into, where solar energy system (solar energy) is headed in the future. A far as the structure of my report is concerned, I will be looking into the history of solar energy, the solar energy itself, solar energy collectors solar panels; Furthermore, I would also be looking at the benefits of solar energy systems for us and the consequences, if any. On the other hand, I would also be analysing economic issues related to solar energy systems such as: the cost of heating a house or a building by the means of solar energy contra to contemporary means. Last but not the least I would be summarizing the advantages that I have discussed as well as look at some disadvantages, if there are any. I will sum up the whole report with a conclusion, thanks beforehand. History of solar energy Before we delve into the discussion of why solar energy is so needed in the world today, well first look into what solar energy really is. By definition, solar energy is that beaming light and heat that is generated from the sun. Solar energy has been used by human beings since time immemorial. The radiation that comes from solar energy along with the resultant solar energized resources such as wave power, wind, biomass and hydroelectricity all give an explanation for most of the accessible renewable energy that is present on earth. However, only an infinitesimal portion of the existing solar energy is used. Solar energy has been used by humans for thousands of years. For example, ancient cultures used energy from the sun to keep warm by starting fires with it. Ancient Egyptians built places to live that allowed stored energy from the sun during the day, and a heat release during the night. This kind of architecture: heated homes at night while keeping the temperature low during the day; buildings were designed so that, walls and floors collected solar heat during the day, that was released at night to keep them warm. If you have ever stood in the sun to get warm then you too have utilized solar thermal energy. Egyptians also used the sun as part of their mummification process, using the sun to dry dead bodies. The Egyptians used a form of passive solar power. 3rd Century B.C., Greek soldiers with the help of Archimedes, focused light on a Roman fleet by using mirrors. The Romans were invading a port city that did not have defenses ready for the attack. The mirrors were used to concentrate the energy of the sun, and cause the fleets sails to burn. The Romans retreated and the Greeks were able to prevent the invasion. The Greeks used passive solar power. 100 A.D. a historical writer by the name of Pliny the Younger, built a house in the northern part of Italy that had mica windows in one room. This one particular room demonstrated solar heating in that its mica windows stored heat, and later gave it off. This room was useful because the added heat it generated lessened the amount of wood that had to be burnt, to maintain heat. Roman bath houses had famous south facing windows that heated the rooms. Native Americans also built houses that used passive solar power. Houses were built into the side of cliffs or hills to allow storage of heat during the day, and a release of heat at night. In 1767, the worlds first solar collector was built by Swiss scientist Horace de Saussare. They also kept their homes warm through passive solar energy designs The discovery of photovoltaic happened in 1839 when the French physicist Edmond Becquerel first showed photovoltaic activity. Edmond had found that electrical current in certain materials could be increased when exposed to light. 66 years later, in 1905, we gained an understanding of Edmonds work, when the famous physicist Albert Einstein clearly described the photoelectric effect, the principle on which photovoltaic are based. In 1921 Einstein received the Nobel Prize for his theories on the photoelectric effect. Solar cells of practical use have been available since the mid 1950s when ATT Labs first developed 6% efficient silicon solar cells. By 1960 Hoffman Electronics increased commercial solar cell efficiencies to as much as 14% and today, researchers have developed cells with more than 20% efficiencies. 20% efficient means that out of the total energy that hits the surface of a solar cell; about 20% is converted into usable electricity. The first long-term practical application of PV cells was in satellite systems. In 1958 the Vanguard I, was launched into space. It was the first orbiting vehicle to be powered by solar energy. Photovoltaic silicon solar cells provided the electrical power to the satellite until 1964 when the system was shut down. The solar power system was so successful that PVs have been a part of world-wide satellite space programs ever since. The sun provides endless nonpolluting energy to the satellite power systems and demand for solar cells has risen as a result of the telecommunications revolution and need for satellites. The energy crisis and oil embargos of the 1970s made many nations aware of their dependency on controlled non-renewable energy sources and this fueled exploration of alternative energy sources. This included further research into renewable sources such as solar power, wind power and geothermal power. An economic breakthrough occurred in the 1970s when Dr. Elliot Berman was able to design a less expensive solar cell bringing the price down from $100 per watt to $20 per watt. This huge cost savings opened up a large number of applications that were not considered before because of high costs. These applications included railroads, lighthouses, off-shore oil rigs, buoys, and remote homes. For some countries and many applications, solar energy is now considered a primary energy source, not an alternative. Solar energy Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation. Solar powered electrical generation relies on photovoltaic and heat engines. A partial list of other solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, day lighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes. In my report, I would only be looking into a few of the above mentioned solar power harnessing techniques, due to the fact that there is a limitation towards, how much material I can present in my dissertation. Solar cell A solar cell (also called a photovoltaic cell) is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. It is a form of photoelectric cell (in that its electrical characteristics e.g. current, voltage, or resistance vary when light is incident upon it) which, when exposed to light, can generate and support an electric current without being attached to any external voltage source. Passive solar or active solar Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate. The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere .Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earths surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet. Earths land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar radiation, and this raises their temperature. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earths surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14  °C. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived. Yearly Solar fluxes Human Energy Consumption Solar 3,850,000 Wind 2,250 EJ Biomass 3,000 EJ Primary energy use (2005) 487 EJ Electricity (2005) 56.7 EJ The total solar energy absorbed by Earths atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earths non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined Solar energy can be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. How solar power works Light (photons) striking certain compounds, in particular metals, causes the surface of the material to emit electrons. Light striking other compounds causes the material to accept electrons. It is the combination of these two compounds that can be made use of to cause electrons to flow through a conductor, and thereby create electricity. This phenomenon is called the photo-electric effect. Photovoltaic means sunlight converted into a flow of electrons (electricity). . Passive solar heating In passive solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is called passive solar design or climatic design because, unlike active solar heating systems, it doesnt involve the use of mechanical and electrical devices. The key to designing a passive solar building is to best take advantage of the local climate. Elements to be considered include window placement and glazing type, thermal insulation, thermal mass, and shading. Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings, but existing buildings can be adapted or retrofitted. http://www.iklimnet.com/save/eco_images/five_elements_passive.gif Passive energy gain Passive solar technologies use sunlight without active mechanical systems (as contrasted to active solar). Such technologies convert sunlight into usable heat (water, air, and thermal mass), cause air-movement for ventilating, or future use, with little use of other energy sources. A common example is a solarium on the equator-side of a building. Passive cooling is the use of the same design principles to reduce summer cooling requirements. Some passive systems use a small amount of conventional energy to control dampers, shutters, night insulation, and other devices that enhance solar energy collection, storage, and use, and reduce undesirable heat transfer. Passive solar technologies include direct and indirect solar gain for space heating, solar water heating systems based on the thermo siphon or geyser pump, use of thermal mass and phase-change materials for slowing indoor air temperature swings, solar cookers, the solar chimney for enhancing natural ventilation, and earth sheltering. More widely, passive solar technologies include the solar furnace and solar forge, but these typically require some external energy for aligning their concentrating mirrors or receivers, and historically have not proven to be practical or cost effective for widespread use. Low-grade energy needs, such as space and water heating, have proven, over time, to be better applications for passive use of solar energy. Pragmatic approach to a productive passive solar energy Many detached suburban houses can achieve reductions in heating expense without obvious changes to their appearance, comfort or usability. This is done using good siting and window positioning, small amounts of thermal mass, with good-but-conventional insulation, weatherization, and an occasional supplementary heat source, such as a central radiator connected to a (solar) water heater. Sunrays may fall on a wall during the daytime and raise the temperature of its thermal mass. This will then radiate heat into the building in the evening. This can be a problem in the summer, especially on western walls in areas with high degree day cooling requirements. External shading, or a radiant barrier plus air gap, may be used to reduce undesirable summer solar gain. Active solar heating systems Active solar technologies are employed to convert solar energy into another more useful form of energy. This would normally be a conversion to heat or electrical energy. Inside a building this energy would be used for heating, cooling, or off-setting other energy use or costs. Active solar uses electrical or mechanical equipment for this conversion. Solar energy collection and utilization systems that do not use external energy, such as a solar chimney, are classified as passive solar technologies. Passive solar relies on the inherent thermo-dynamic properties of the system or materials to operate. They do not need external energy sources. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcs9d3FUKO0lvb9i3AL_e96M4W-zZMJ1EONNeC0KuyM3YBFQdtM02LMYIyGYKWAnZAuFG8bkJSECEmyNH-p-I_HOZVgdYg43sZd1OdnRt6rwToEcp4mZXsxAnwTP9XfTf_ioOd6IR4HGtz/s1600/active-solar-heating.jpg Solar hot water systems, except those based on the thermo siphon, use pumps or fans to circulate fluid (often a mixture of water and glycol to prevent freezing during winter periods) or air, through solar collectors, and are therefore classified under active solar technology. The basic benefit of active systems is that controls (usually electrical) can be used to maximize their effectiveness. For example a passive solar thermal array which does not rely on pumps and sensors will only start circulating when a certain amount of internal energy has built up in the system. Using sensors and pumps, a relatively small amount of energy (i.e. that used to power a pump and controller) can harvest a far larger amount of available thermal energy by switching on as soon as a useful temperature differential becomes present. Controls also allow a greater variety of choices for utilizing the energy that becomes available. For example a solar thermal array could heat a swimming pool on a relatively cool morning where heating a domestic hot water cylinder was impractical due to the different stored water temperatures. Later in the day as the temperature rises the controls could be used to switch the solar heated water over to the cylinder instead. The downside to Active Solar systems is that the external power sources can fail (probably rendering them useless), and the controls need maintenance. How to buy solar panels solar water heating Shower Solar water heating can meet about a third of your hot water needs, research conducted by a UK research magazine. A solar water heating system (also known as solar thermal system) uses panels fitted to your roof to heat water for use around the home. A typical solar hot water system is able to meet around a third of a households hot water needs a saving of  £55 to  £80 on your annual water-heating bills, based on a three-bedroom semi-detached house. Householders installing solar water heating systems can get  £300 through the governments Renewable Heat Incentive Premium Payment scheme. Choosing a solar water heating system When choosing a solar water heating system, youll need to consider four major factors: your average hot water use the area of south-facing roof available your existing water heating system your budget. Youll need roughly one square meter of collector area per person in the household. Each metre of panel area will need between 30 and 60 litres of water tank volume. If you use a less efficient collector (such as flat-plate solar water heating panels), youll need to cover a larger area than if you use a more efficient collector (such as evacuated tubes). Youll also need to select system components (such as a hot water cylinder, controls and pipe work) and choose the location for your solar panels, considering shade, pipe runs, roof pitch and future access. Solar water heating installation There are plenty of solar panel installers out there, so I recommend that you always collect a range of quotes to compare. Cost effectiveness of solar water heating systems In my opinion developing common industry standards and offering public incentives is important. He emphasizes that creating public awareness programs is the key to having success in this industry, including a cleaner environment and more jobs as a consequence. It is clear that installing the application is easy for households since the technology is less complicated and cheaper than PV. According to The Solar Guide, the payback period for an investment in a solar water heating system is 3 to 5 years, although it may vary a lot in different countries due to national standards and differences in manufacturing quality. The return of investment depends on the system and the current fuel source that is being used to heat the water. It makes more sense to install a combi-system (hot water+space heating) whereby a 12-20 sq-m would completely cover a households water heating demand and a substantial part of its space heating demand in spring and in autumn. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/SolarTrackerRoofView300W200H.jpg/220px-SolarTrackerRoofView300W200H.jpg Solar trackers may be driven by active or passive solar technology Most solar collectors are fixed in their array position mounting, but can have a higher performance if they track the path of the sun through the sky (however it is unusual for thermal collectors to be mounted in this way). Solar trackers, used to orient solar arrays may be driven by either passive or active technology, and can have a significant gain in energy yield over the course of a year when compared to a fixed array. Again passive solar tracking would rely on the inherent thermo-dynamic properties of the materials used in the system rather than an external power source to generate its tracking movement. Active Solar Tracking would utilize sensors and motors track the path of the sun across the sky. This action can be caused by geographical and time data being programmed into the controls. However, some systems actually track the brightest point in the sky using light sensors, and manufacturers claim this can add a significant extra yield over and above geographical tracking. How does Solar Thermal work? The basic mechanism of solar thermal energy is to collect the solar radiation and transfer the heat directly or indirectly to its final destination via a heat transfer medium usually a fluid. The most commonly used applications are Domestic Hot water (DHW), Combined DHW and Space Heating, District Heating, Solar Cooling and Air-Conditioning. High Temperature Solar Thermal Electricity Generation is also among solar thermal applications. (e.g. solar tower and parabolic through applications). The key component of the solar thermal systems is the collectors which can be divided into two groups: Unglazed collectors have been used in the industry for a long time, mainly for heating open-air swimming pools. There is no heat exchanger in the system, and the water is flowing directly through long thin tubes. It is cheap and easy to install. Due to the simplicity of unglazed collectors, they cannot fulfill the needs for delivering full-time energy. Unglazed collectors are mainly used in the USA and in Australia. Glazed collectors are much more efficient in supplying continuous heating and achieving higher temperatures than unglazed ones. Glazed collectors are usually rectangular boxes covered by glass, containing little pipes and tubes and a heat absorbing material inside. There are different types of collectors for different means of use. Glazed collectors are commonly used in China, Europe and the Middle East. Solar thermal collector A solar thermal collector is a solar collector designed to collect heat by absorbing sunlight. The term is applied to solar hot water panels, but may also be used to denote more complex installations such as solar parabolic, solar trough and solar towers or simpler installations such as solar air heat. The more complex collectors are generally used in solar power plants where solar heat is used to generate electricity by heating water to produce steam which drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator. The simpler collectors are typically used for supplemental space heating in residential and commercial buildings. A collector is a device for converting the energy in solar radiation into a more usable or storable form. The energy in sunlight is in the form of electromagnetic radiation from the infrared (long) to the ultraviolet (short) wavelengths. The solar energy striking the Earths surface depends on weather conditions, as well as location and orientation of the surface, b ut overall, it averages about 1,000 watts per square meter under clear skies with the surface directly perpendicular to the suns rays. A solar collector works to convert and concentrate solar energy into a more usable form. For example, a thermal collector may use a parabolic array of mirrors to focus, direct, and reflect the light of the sun to a smaller point where the heat can be used to drive some sort of turbine engine by heating the driving fluid. Another type of collector may use a flat panel array of solar photovoltaic cells to convert solar energy directly into electricity. Some metals exhibit a photoelectric property whereby when the metal is exposed to light, it causes electrons to be emitted. These metals may be arranged in a valence-covalence band configuration which generates the actual voltage within the array. Types of solar collectors for heat Solar collectors fall into two general categories: non-concentrating and concentrating. In the non-concentrating type, the collector area (i.e., the area that intercepts the solar radiation) is the same as the absorber area (i.e., the area absorbing the radiation). In these types the whole solar panel absorbs the light. Flat-plate and evacuated-tube solar collectors are used to collect heat for space heating, domestic hot water or cooling with an absorption chiller. Types of solar collectors for electricity generation Parabolic troughs, dishes and towers described in this section are used almost exclusively in solar power generating stations or for research purposes. Although simple, these solar concentrators are quite far from the theoretical maximum concentration. For example, the parabolic trough concentration is about 1/3 of the theoretical maximum for the same acceptance angle, that is, for the same overall tolerances for the system. Approaching the theoretical maximum may be achieved by using more elaborate concentrators based on non-imaging optics. Parabolic trough http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Parabolic_trough.svg/250px-Parabolic_trough.svg.png Parabolic torough This type of collector is generally used in solar power plants. A trough-shaped parabolic reflector is used to concentrate sunlight on an insulated tube (Dewar tube) or heat pipe, placed at the focal point, containing coolant which transfers heat from the collectors to the boilers in the power station. Parabolic dish http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Parabolic-dish.jpg/220px-Parabolic-dish.jpg http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png Solar Parabolic dish It is the most powerful type of collector. One or more parabolic dishes concentrate solar energy at a single focal point, -similar to a reflecting telescope which focuses starlight, or to a dish antenna used to focus radio waves. This geometry may be used in solar furnaces and solar power plants. There are two key phenomena to understand in order to comprehend the design of a parabolic dish. One is that the shape of a parabola is defined such that incoming rays which are parallel to the dishs axis will be reflected toward the focus, no matter where on the dish they arrive. The second key is that the light rays from the sun arriving at the Earths surface are almost completely parallel. So if the dish can be aligned with its axis pointing at the sun, almost all of the incoming radiation will be reflected towards the focal point of the dish-most losses are due to imperfections in the parabolic shape and imperfect reflection. Losses due to atmosphere between the dish and its focal point are minimal, as the dish is generally designed specifically to be small enough that this factor is insignificant on a clear, sunny day. Compare this though with some other designs, and you will see that this could be an important factor, and if the local weather is hazy, or foggy, it may reduce the efficiency of a parabolic dish significantly. In dish-stirling power plant designs, a Stirling engine coupled to a dynamo is placed at the focus of the dish, which absorbs the heat of the incident solar radiation, and converts it into electricity. (Solar) Power tower A power tower is a large tower surrounded by tracking mirrors called heliostats. These mirrors align themselves and focus sunlight on the receiver at the top of tower, collected heat is transferred to a power station below. Advantages Very high temperatures reached. High temperatures are suitable for electricity generation using conventional methods like steam turbine or some direct high temperature chemical reaction. Good efficiency. By concentrating sunlight current systems can get better efficiency than simple solar cells. A larger area can be covered by using relatively inexpensive mirrors rather than using expensive. Concentrated light can be redirected to a suitable location via. For example illuminating buildings. Heat storage for power production during cloudy and overnight conditions can be accomplished, often by underground tank storage of heated fluids. Molten salts have been used to good effect. Disadvantages Concentrating systems require sun tracking to maintain Sunlight focus at the collector. Inability to provide power in diffused light conditions. Solar Cells are able to provide some output even if the sky becomes a little bit cloudy, but power output from concentrating systems drop drastically in cloudy conditions as diffused light cannot be concentrated passively. Solar panel A solar panel (also solar module, photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel) is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each panel is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts. The efficiency of a panel determines the area of a panel given the same rated output an 8% efficient 230 watt panel will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt panel. Because a single solar panel can produce only a limited amount of power, most installations contain multiple panels. A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of solar panels, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and or solar tracker and interconnection wiring. Theory and construction Solar panels use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most solar panels are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are available, based on thin-film cells. Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in parallel to provide a desired current capability. The conducting wires that take the current off the panels may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition metals. The cells must be connected electrically to one another and to the rest of the system. Externally, popular terrestrial usage photovoltaic panels use MC3 (older) or MC4 connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial panel shading, to

Twelfth Night Essay: Exploration of Love :: Twelfth Night essays

Exploration of Love in Twelfth Night      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the play "Twelfth Night," Shakespeare explores and illustrates the emotion of love with precise detail. According to "Webster's New World Dictionary," love is defined as "a strong affection or liking for someone." Throughout the play Shakespeare examines three different types of love: true love, self love and friendship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Twelfth Night" consists of many love triangles, however many of the characters who are tangled up in the web of love are blind to see that their emotions and feelings toward other characters are untrue. They are being deceived by themselves and/or the others around them. There are certain instances in the play where the emotion of love is true, and the two people involved feel very strongly toward one another. Viola's love for Orsino is a great example of true love. Although she is pretending to be a man and is virtually unknown in Illyria, she hopes to win the Duke's heart. In act 1, scene 4, Viola let's out her true feelings for Cesario, "yet a barful strife! Whoe'er I woo, myself would be his wife (1)." That statement becomes true when Viola reveals her true identity. Viola and Orsino had a very good friendship, and making the switch to husband and wife was easy. Viola was caught up in another true love scenario, only this time she was on the receiving end, and t hings didn't work out so smoothly. During her attempts to court Olivia for Orsino, Olivia grew to love Cesario. Viola was now caught in a terrible situation and there was only one way out, but that would jeopardize her chances with Orsino. It's amazing that Olivia could fall for a woman dressed as a man, but because Viola knew what women like to hear, her words won Olivia's heart. The next case of true love is on a less intimate and romantic scale, and more family oriented. Viola and Sebastian's love for one another is a bond felt by all siblings. Through their times of sorrow and mourning for each of their apparent deaths they still loved each other. They believed deep down that maybe someway or by some miracle that each of them was still alive and well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many people, even in today's society, love themselves more then anything else. "Twelfth Night" addresses the issue of self love and how it affects peoples lives.

Looking Deathworthy Essay

Researchers Jennifer L. Eberhardt, Paul G. Davis Valerie J. Purdie-Vaughns, and Sheri Lynn Johnson studied whether being stereotypically black influences the probability of receiving the death penalty. Sociologist have previously proven that people quickly apply racial stereotypes to blacks who have the stereotypically appearance of a black person. This racial profile effects how people judge an individual and this judgment may very well influence how one is treated by others. This study is important because it shows how racial stereotypes can affect the sentence given to a defendant guilty of murder. The relationship of the different sentences of black on black murders vs. black on white murders is also slightly exposed in this study. For science, this shows a new perspective of how modern society views and profiles African-American men. These stereotypes have and influence on how people treat one another, in this case African-American murder defendants, which is changing society as a whole. Judgment plays a major role in how we interact with one another. The researchers had a very basic research design. There topic was if being stereotypically black influences the possibility of being sentenced with the death penalty. They defined there problem by stating how previous researchers have found a correlation between racial profiling and how people judge others. Researchers have also found that murders of white victims are more likely than murderers of black victims to be sentenced to death. The article Looking Deathworthy by the researchers that conducted this experiment, states that the researchers reviewed plenty of previous studies, theories, and cases. They conducted the experiment in two methods. The first method they showed pictures of 44 black males convicted of murdering white victims in Pennsylvania and Philadelphia during 1979 and 1999, and showing their pictures to raters. The raters where Stanford University undergraduates who were not told the men in the pictures where convicted murderers. They simply rated the men according to how stereotypically black they looked. The researchers found that the defendants who appeared to be more stereotypically black than the others were more likely to receive a death sentence. In the second method, they used the same databases and procedures to see if the same result would be obtained in the experiment if the victims were black. They found that the perceived stereo typicality of black defendants convicted of murdering black victims did not predict a death sentence. There were a couple of limitations made by these researchers that might have effect the outcome of the research. The researchers only used black defendants from the Pennsylvania and Philadelphia area. These changes make the research only correct for that area at that particular time. They should have broadened their case studies to all the states in the U. S. the researchers also only used raters from Standford University. There is a greater chance the people from the same area and same age group judge individuals with the same mentality. They should have used different age groups and people from different backgrounds as raters. T would have made the study more valid. I feel that this was an excellent theory to experiment and I agree that it is true. Capital punishment does give harder sentences for murder defendants who look stereotypically black. However, the study should have been broader. The researchers had variables that if they removed, would have allowed their findings to be more valid.